Effect of multi-factors interaction on trace lead equilibrium during municipal solid waste incineration

The thermodynamic equilibrium of trace lead during the waste incineration was calculated on the basis of the minimization of the total Gibbs energy. The effect of incineration condition and MSW components on Pb distribution was investigated mainly in the view of the interaction of related elements. In the oxygen-rich condition, incineration temperature affects Pb distribution by the interaction of Cl, Ca and Na. In the fuel-rich condition, incineration temperature affects Pb distribution directly by the thermal transition of PbS(s) to PbCl(g) and the thermal transition of PbCl(g) to Pb(g). Air ratio has significant effect on Pb distribution by the interaction of H, O and Cl. The liberated Cl in oxidizing condition is far less than that in reducing condition. Na has the top priority to bond with Cl, than Ca only at low temperature and H only at high temperature, so the effect of Cl on Pb distribution depends on the content of Na and Ca. S promotes Pb volatilization by the interaction with Na in oxygen-rich and chlorine-poor condition and depresses Pb volatilization by the formation of PbS(s) directly without interaction with other elements in fuel-rich condition.     

城市建筑废弃物的科学管理与有效利用研究

在城镇化建设进程中,经济快速发展和建设过程中产生的建筑垃圾是同时并存的.作为可回收利用资源的建筑废弃物,通过有效利用可转化成可观的经济效益;若对于建筑废弃物未科学回用,不仅会造成资源浪费,还会引起生态系统破坏.通过了解国内外建筑废弃物现状,阐述建筑废弃物处理手段,分析建筑再生材料的市场应用前景.进而对国内建筑垃圾管理和利用提出相关建议和展望,为建筑废弃物环境管理和资源化利用提供理论依据和支持.     

基于投影寻踪的资源环境综合绩效评估方法研究

资源环境综合绩效评估是建设节约型社会的一项基础工作.在传统的资源环境综合绩效指数中,各种资源消耗和污染物排放绩效的权重相等,导致综合评价结果的合理性受到影响.针对该问题,通过构建投影指标函数和采用遗传算法对投影方向进行优化,提出了基于投影寻踪的资源环境综合绩效评估方法,并应用于2007年中国各省、直辖市和自治区的资源环境绩效评估.研究结果表明,中国资源环境绩效水平空间差异明显,呈现东部高西部低的特征,因此必须合理调整西部地区的经济结构,提高资源利用效率和加强环境保护,实现可持续发展.该方法的权重取值较为客观和科学,评估结果合理,值得推广应用.     

炼油行业泄漏检测与修复技术实践研究

炼油行业排放的大气污染物主要是挥发性有机物,是形成二次污染物的重要前体物,也是引发大气环境问题的重要污染物.以天津某炼油企业泄漏检测与修复技术的工作实践为例,结合炼油行业生产装置的工艺特点,介绍在该行业开展泄漏检测与修复技术时的工作流程,包括设备和管线组件密封点位的建档、检测、泄漏点位的修复、复测以及泄漏量核算方法,对炼油行业开展泄漏检测与修复工作减少挥发性有机物无组织的排放起到借鉴作用.     

包头市企业环境行为信用评价指标体系研究

企业环境行为信用评价是一种符合国情的先进的环境管理手段,是对当前环境管理制度的重要补充和完善.为了强化政府对污染源的监管,提升环保部门的环境监管力度和水平,督促企业持续改进环境行为,文章对不同尺度的指标体系进行了分析对比,结合包头市实际情况,构建了包含污染防治、环境管理、社会影响和组织管理四部分共二十五项指标的包头市企业环境行为信用评价指标体系,以期对环境管理起到检查和促进作用、前瞻和导向功能.     

微波协同氧化预处理垃圾渗滤液NF膜滤浓缩液研究

针对城市生活垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液NF膜处理后产生的浓缩液处理难问题,采用微波协同氧化技术对其进行预处理,探讨了pH值、预反应时间、药剂用量、微波反应时间等因素对浓缩液CODcr及色度去除率的影响.结果表明:当pH=4,预反应时间60 min,药剂用量1g/l、微波反应时间3 min时,CODcr、色度的去除率分别为71.2%,80%.预处理后的出水CODcr及色度指标达到垃圾渗滤液现有生化处理系统的进水要求.     

Integrated water resources management for emergency situations: A case study of Macau

Integrated urban water management (IUWM) is a useful tool that can be used to alleviate water resource shortages in developing regions like Macau, where 98% of the raw water comes from mainland China. In Macau, scarce water resources deteriorate rapidly in emergency situations, such as accidental chemical spills upstream of the supply reservoir or salty tides. During these times, only the water from the two freshwater reservoirs in Macau can be used. In this study, we developed urban water management optimization models that integrated the raw water supply from the two reservoirs with various proposed governmental policies (wastewater reuse, rainwater collection, and water saving). We then determined how various water resource strategies would influence the urban water supply in Macau in emergency situations. Our results showed that, without imported raw water, the water supply from only the two Macau reservoirs would last for 7.95 days. However, when all the government policies were included in the model, the supply could be extended to 13.79 days. Out of the three non-conventional water resources, wastewater reuse is the most beneficial for increasing the Macau water supply, and rainwater collection also has great potential.     

再生水中的Pb对萝卜根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响研究

采用盆栽方法研究再生水、再生水+Pb、清水+Pb处理浇灌萝卜,以清水浇灌为对照对萝卜根际土壤微生物群落的影响进行研究。结果表明:(1)土壤总PLFA含量及各菌群生物量从大到小依次为:再生水再生水+Pb清水清水+Pb。再生水灌溉有利于萝卜根际微生物各类群数量的增加,丰富微生物多样性。用含铅的溶液(再生水+Pb、清水+Pb)浇灌萝卜,可抑制土壤微生物各类群的数量,G-受到的抑制尤为明显。(2)主成分分析表明,再生水灌溉与对照相比,土壤微生物群落结构差异最大。(3)土壤微生物各类群与土壤速效钾、硝酸盐氮含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),真菌、放线菌与土壤有机质含量,G~+、G~-菌与p H均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。G~+、G~-与萝卜地下鲜重均呈极显著负相关(P0.01),土壤微生物各类群与地上部分硝酸盐含量、与根冠比呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。     

海南岛近岸海域环境容量与纳污总量分析

通过对海南岛"十二五"期间近岸海域纳污总量、环境质量状况及环境容量比较分析,得出各主要排污区环境容量的剩余环境容量。结果表明,全省主要污染物化学需氧量入海量仅占环境容量的2.6%,氨氮占环境容量的26.6%,虽然全省近岸海域环境基本未受污染物入海量影响,仍有较大的纳污空间,可利用的环境容量非常充裕。为避免出现排污达标但环境质量下降的状况,提出建立近岸海域主要污染物总量控制制度,由浓度控制到总量和浓度控制并存。     

Estimating Floodwater Depths from Flood Inundation Maps and Topography

Information on flood inundation extent is important for understanding societal exposure, water storage volumes, flood wave attenuation, future flood hazard, and other variables. A number of organizations now provide flood inundation maps based on satellite remote sensing. These data products can efficiently and accurately provide the areal extent of a flood event, but do not provide floodwater depth, an important attribute for first responders and damage assessment. Here we present a new methodology and a GIS‐based tool, the Floodwater Depth Estimation Tool (FwDET), for estimating floodwater depth based solely on an inundation map and a digital elevation model (DEM). We compare the FwDET results against water depth maps derived from hydraulic simulation of two flood events, a large‐scale event for which we use medium resolution input layer (10 m) and a small‐scale event for which we use a high‐resolution (LiDAR; 1 m) input. Further testing is performed for two inundation maps with a number of challenging features that include a narrow valley, a large reservoir, and an urban setting. The results show FwDET can accurately calculate floodwater depth for diverse flooding scenarios but also leads to considerable bias in locations where the inundation extent does not align well with the DEM. In these locations, manual adjustment or higher spatial resolution input is required.