Distribution of heavy metals in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, Southern China: Implications for sources and historical changes

The distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd and As) in sediments of the Pearl River Estuary was investigated. The spatial distribution of heavy metals displayed a decreasing pattern from the turbidity maxima to both upstream and downstream of the estuary, which suggested that suspended sediments played an important role in the trace metal distribution in the Pearl River Estuary. In addition, metal concentrations were higher in the west part of the estuary which received most of the pollutants from the Pearl River. In the sediment cores, fluxes of heavy metals were consistent with a predominant anthropogenic input in the period 1970-1990. From the mid-1990s to the 2000s, there was a significant decline in heavy metal pollution. The observed decline has shown the result of pollution control in the Pearl River Delta. However, it is noteworthy that the metal concentrations in the most recent sediment still remained considerably high. Taken together, the enrichment of heavy metals in sediments was largely controlled by anthropogenic pollution.     

基于循环特性的镍氢和锂离子电池环境影响机制分析

为了了解镍氢电池和锂离子电池在生产、使用、废弃或回收过程中的环境影响,建立了一种简单快速的二次电池环境影响机制分析方法。通过生命周期评价(LCA)方法,采用Eco-indicator99体系,综合考虑电池循环容量衰减和循环次数的影响,建立了二次电池环境影响机制分析模型,并运用此模型对两种实验用二次电池(镍氢电池和锂离子电池)的环境影响机制进行了研究。结果表明:1)在所选取的两种二次电池当中,锂离子(Li-ion)电池的环境影响明显比镍氢(Ni-MH)电池的低;2)随着循环次数的增加Li-ion电池环境影响衰减比Ni-MH电池的明显,即随着使用循环次数的增加,Li-ion电池对环境的影响会降低到更多。综合来说,所选取的Li-ion电池比Ni-MH电池更具环境可持续性。文中所提出的环境影响机制分析模型同样可以应用于其他二次电池,以期为环境友好型二次电池的开发提供帮助。     

改性粉煤灰处理含铬(Ⅵ)地下水的实验研究

用硫酸改性的粉煤灰作为吸附剂,处理含铬(Ⅵ)为5mg/L地下水,最佳条件为:pH=2,液固比10000:3,25℃下反应3h。处理后水样铬(VI)浓度0.03mg/L,满足(GB/T 14848-93)《地下水环境质量标准》。在不改变原水pH条件下,增加粉煤灰用量,水样中铬(VI)浓度也可由5mg/L降至0.05mg/L。同时,吸附剂对铬(VI)的吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温线。     

真空吸尘系统应用于散货码头的积尘清扫

描述了散货码头粉尘污染现状,分析比较了几种常用的积尘清扫方法。为了有效清扫散货码头的积尘,提出采用集中式真空吸尘系统。文章从系统形式、水力计算方法和工程实例等方面简单介绍了集中式真空吸尘系统。印尼Paiton燃煤电厂码头工程设计采用了集中式真空吸尘系统进行积尘清扫,工程建成投产一年多来,积尘清扫效果明显,有效地降低了粉尘污染。实例说明,真空吸尘是解决散货码头积尘清扫问题较为有效的方式。     

排放和气象对疫情前后武汉不同类型点位大气污染物的影响

采用随机森林算法剥离了排放和气象对6种大气污染物(SO₂、 NO₂、 CO、 PM₁₀、 PM_2.5和O₃)浓度的贡献,识别了疫情前后武汉市中心城区、郊区、工业区、三环线交通点和城市背景点这5种类型点位的大气污染物浓度变化.结果表明,与管控前相比,管控期间PM_2.5/CO、 PM₁₀/CO和NO₂/CO分别减小了10.8～21.7、 9.34～24.7和14.4～22.1倍,表明排放对PM_2.5、 PM₁₀和NO₂贡献减小;O₃/CO增加了50.1～61.5倍,表明二次生成增加明显.解除管控后排放对各类污染物的贡献均增加.管控期间,受一些不可间断工序的运行影响,工业区PM_2.5降幅最小(20.5%).与管控期间相比,解除管控后居民生活、交通出行和工业生产等基本恢复,使5种类型站点PM_2.5     

Selective sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate on molecularly imprinted polymer adsorbents

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), as a potential persistent organic pollutant, has been widely detected in water environments, and has become a great concern in recent years. PFOS is very stable and difficult to decompose using conventional techniques. Sorption may be an attractive method to remove it from water. In this study, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) adsorbents were prepared through the polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine under different preparation conditions in order to remove perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from water. The MIP adsorbents using perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as the template had good imprinting effects and could selectively remove PFOS from aqueous solution. The sorption behaviors including sorption kinetics, isotherms, and effect of pH, salt, and competitive anions were investigated. Experimental results showed that the sorption of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents was very fast, pH-dependent, and highly selective. The achieved fast sorption equilibrium within 1 h was attributed to the surface sorption on the fine adsorbents. The sorption isotherms showed that the sorption selectivity of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents decreased at high PFOS concentrations, which may be due to the double-layer sorption and the formation of PFOS micelles on the sorbent surface. The sorption of PFOS on the MIP adsorbents was mainly dominated by the electrostatic interaction between the protonated vinylpyridine on the adsorbent surface and the anionic PFOS. The prepared MIP adsorbents can potentially be applied in water and wastewater treatment for selective removal of PFOS.     

恩平市2006年生态足迹计算与分析

位于广东省西南部的恩平市,是珠江三角洲经济较为落后的地区,生态环境较好,为珠三角起着生态屏障、后花园的作用。应用生态足迹理论对恩平2006年的生态足迹进行了实证计算和分析,结果表明,恩平市的人均生态足迹需求为1．5632hm2／cap,生态承载力在扣除12％后为0．32032hm2／cap,人均生态赤字为1．2429hm2／cap。表明该地区的资源利用效率较低,现有的消费量已超出了自然系统的再生产能力,针对恩平实际情况,需要调整产业结构、提高能源利用效率,树立科学发展观等。     

Expression of sulfur uptake assimilation-related genes in response to cadmium, bensulfuron-methyl and their co-contamination in rice roots

The responses of sulfur （S） uptake assimilation-related genes＇ expression in roots of two rice cultivars to cadmium （Cd）, bensulfuron-methyl （BSM） and their co-contamination （Cd＋BSM） were investigated by gene-chip microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR （QRT-PCR） technology. Treatments of Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of sulfate transporter and permease genes, and promoted sulfate uptake in rice roots. Cd＋BSM could alleviate Cd toxicity to cv. Fengmeizhan seedlings, probably due to Cd＋BSM promoting greater S absorption by seedlings. Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of sulfate assimilation-related genes, and thus activated the sulfur assimilation pathway. Cd and Cd＋BSM induced expression of phytochelatin synthase and metallothionein genes, and induced expression of glutathione S-transferases （GSTs）, glutathione synthase （GS） and S- containing antioxidation enzyme genes, which detoxified Cd2＋. It is suggested that （to cope with the toxicity of Cd, BSM and their co-contamination） the S uptake and assimilation pathway was activated in rice roots by increased expression of related genes, thus enhancing the supply of organic S for synthesis of Cd or BSM resistance-related substances.     

A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed and its experimental performance in eutrophication remediation

Numerous studies on eutrophication remediation have mainly focused on purifying water first, then restoring submerged macrophytes. A restoration-promoting integrated floating bed （RPIFB） was designed to combine the processes of water purification and macrophyte restoration simultaneously. Two outdoor experiments were conducted to evaluate the ecological functions of the RP1FB. Trial 1 was conducted to compare the eutrophication purification among floating bed, gradual-submerging bed （GSB） and RPIFB technologies. The results illustrated that RPIFB has the best purification capacity. Removal efficiencies of RPIFB for TN, TP,NH4＋-N, NO3-N, CODcr, Chlorophyll-a and turbidity were 74.45%, 98.31%, 74.71%, 88.81%, 71.42%, 90.17% and 85%, respectively. In trial 2, influences of depth of GSB and photic area in RPIFB on biota were investigated. When the depth of GSB decreased and the photic area of RPIFB grew, the height of Potamogeton crispus Linn. increased, but the biomass of Canna indica Linn. was reduced. The mortalities of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus and Bellamya aeruginosa in each group were all less than 7%. All results indicated that when the RPIFB was embedded into the eutrophic water, the regime shift from phytoplankton-dominated to macrophyte-dominated state could be promoted. Thus, the RPIFB is a promising remediation technology for eutrophication and submerged macrophyte restoration.     

云南大气降水中δ18O与气象要素及水汽来源之间的关系

根据云南昆明、腾冲、蒙自三个地区在2009 年1 月至2011 年12 月3 a 间收集的大气降水以及相关气象要素资料,结合欧洲中期数值预报中心以及NCEP/NCAR提供的再分析资料,研究了天气尺度下三个地区大气降水中δ¹⁸O与降水量、温度、水汽压等气象要素之间的关系,并分析了δ¹⁸O与高空各气压层（800、700、500、300 hPa）风速的相关关系。结果表明：在天气尺度下,三个地区大气降水中δ¹⁸O与降水量、温度、水汽压均存在显著的负相关,表明三个地区大气降水中δ¹⁸O的变化具有显著的降水量效应、反温度效应以及湿度效应;同时,高空各气压层风速与δ¹⁸O之间存在正相关关系,表明高空风速也是影响大气降水中δ¹⁸O变化的一个重要因素。通过拉格朗日后向轨迹模型HYSPLIT 4.8 追踪三个地区水汽输送轨迹发现,三个地区大气降水的水汽来源基本一致,表明三地处在同一条水汽通道上。在湿季降水期间（5-9 月）,水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾、阿拉伯海以及南海等海域,降水中δ¹⁸O偏低;而在干季降水期间（10 月-翌年4月）,水汽主要来源于西风带携带的内陆水汽以及局地水汽再循环,降水中δ¹⁸O偏高。