全文获取类型
收费全文 | 276篇 |
免费 | 19篇 |
国内免费 | 3篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 4篇 |
废物处理 | 9篇 |
环保管理 | 91篇 |
综合类 | 25篇 |
基础理论 | 110篇 |
环境理论 | 2篇 |
污染及防治 | 25篇 |
评价与监测 | 12篇 |
社会与环境 | 17篇 |
灾害及防治 | 3篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 2篇 |
2022年 | 4篇 |
2021年 | 4篇 |
2020年 | 7篇 |
2019年 | 5篇 |
2018年 | 5篇 |
2017年 | 6篇 |
2016年 | 11篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 11篇 |
2013年 | 14篇 |
2012年 | 10篇 |
2011年 | 4篇 |
2010年 | 8篇 |
2009年 | 7篇 |
2008年 | 10篇 |
2007年 | 10篇 |
2006年 | 12篇 |
2005年 | 12篇 |
2004年 | 11篇 |
2003年 | 12篇 |
2002年 | 4篇 |
2001年 | 4篇 |
2000年 | 6篇 |
1999年 | 2篇 |
1998年 | 8篇 |
1997年 | 6篇 |
1996年 | 6篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1994年 | 10篇 |
1993年 | 2篇 |
1992年 | 2篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1970年 | 1篇 |
1968年 | 2篇 |
1962年 | 1篇 |
1957年 | 3篇 |
1955年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有298条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
141.
Efficiency,costs and trade-offs in marine reserve system design 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Romola?R.?StewartEmail author Hugh?P.?Possingham 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2005,10(3):203-213
With marine biodiversity conservation the primary goal for reserve planning initiatives, a site's conservation potential is
typically evaluated on the basis of the biological and physical features it contains. By comparison, socio-economic information
is seldom a formal consideration of the reserve system design problem and generally limited to an assessment of threats, vulnerability
or compatibility with surrounding uses. This is perhaps surprising given broad recognition that the success of reserve establishment
is highly dependent on widespread stakeholder and community support. Using information on the spatial distribution and intensity
of commercial rock lobster catch in South Australia, we demonstrate the capacity of mathematical reserve selection procedures
to integrate socio-economic and biophysical information for marine reserve system design. Analyses of trade-offs highlight
the opportunities to design representative, efficient and practical marine reserve systems that minimise potential loss to
commercial users. We found that the objective of minimising the areal extent of the reserve system was barely compromised
by incorporating economic design constraints. With a small increase in area (<3%) and boundary length (<10%), the economic
impact of marine reserves on the commercial rock lobster fishery was reduced by more than a third. We considered also how
a reserve planner might prioritise conservation areas using information on a planning units selection frequency. We found
that selection frequencies alone were not a reliable guide for the selection of marine reserve systems, but could be used
with approaches such as summed irreplaceability to direct conservation effort for efficient marine reserve design. 相似文献
142.
Moreno Di Marco Thomas Brooks Annabelle Cuttelod Lincoln D.C. Fishpool Carlo Rondinini Robert J. Smith Leon Bennun Stuart H.M. Butchart Simon Ferrier Ruud P.B. Foppen Lucas Joppa Diego Juffe‐Bignoli Andrew T. Knight John F. Lamoreux Penny F. Langhammer Ian May Hugh P. Possingham Piero Visconti James E.M. Watson Stephen Woodley 《Conservation biology》2016,30(2):392-402
World governments have committed to increase the global protected areas coverage by 2020, but the effectiveness of this commitment for protecting biodiversity depends on where new protected areas are located. Threshold‐ and complementarity‐based approaches have been independently used to identify important sites for biodiversity. We brought together these approaches by performing a complementarity‐based analysis of irreplaceability in important bird and biodiversity areas (IBAs), which are sites identified using a threshold‐based approach. We determined whether irreplaceability values are higher inside than outside IBAs and whether any observed difference depends on known characteristics of the IBAs. We focused on 3 regions with comprehensive IBA inventories and bird distribution atlases: Australia, southern Africa, and Europe. Irreplaceability values were significantly higher inside than outside IBAs, although differences were much smaller in Europe than elsewhere. Higher irreplaceability values in IBAs were associated with the presence and number of restricted‐range species; number of criteria under which the site was identified; and mean geographic range size of the species for which the site was identified (trigger species). In addition, IBAs were characterized by higher irreplaceability values when using proportional species representation targets, rather than fixed targets. There were broadly comparable results when measuring irreplaceability for trigger species and when considering all bird species, which indicates a good surrogacy effect of the former. Recently, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has convened a consultation to consolidate global standards for the identification of key biodiversity areas (KBAs), building from existing approaches such as IBAs. Our results informed this consultation, and in particular a proposed irreplaceability criterion that will allow the new KBA standard to draw on the strengths of both threshold‐ and complementarity‐based approaches. 相似文献
143.
Innocent Bakam Robin B. Matthews 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(8):755-776
The Scottish Government has proposed reducing Scotland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 80% by 2050, compared
to the 1990 baseline level. It is not yet clear how these reductions will be achieved, but it is likely that all sectors will
be expected to make some contribution. Depending on their farm activities, farmers have different sets of abatement alternatives—the
challenge facing them, however, is in finding strategies that help to meet reduction targets while maintaining their income.
In this paper, we use an agent-based modelling approach to study the implications of carbon trading design options aimed at
reducing GHG emissions in the agricultural sector, such as auctions, fixed carbon prices, or carbon credit banking. The feasibility
of carbon trading scheme options is assessed regarding their ability to ensure that farmers obtain carbon credits at an affordable
and adequate price, since low prices would reward farmers not adopting on-farm abatement options and high prices would encourage
non-compliance to targets, thus increasing enforcement costs. Assuming a closed market within the agricultural sector, this
study shows that farmers may face up to 50% loss of income to achieve a 30% reduction target if this requires a cut in production.
However, market design options such as credits banking may allow farmers to progressively adapt to the scheme constraints.
At an individual level, the rate of on-farm compliance and the mandated emission reduction target will determine which farmer
strategy is the most efficient to cope with a trading scheme. 相似文献
144.
Hugh Brammer 《Environment international》2009,35(6):856-863
It has recently become apparent that arsenic-contaminated groundwater used for irrigation in several countries of South and South-east Asia is adding arsenic to soils and rice, thus posing a serious threat to sustainable agricultural production and to the health and livelihoods of affected people in those countries. This paper describes the many environmental, agricultural and social factors that determine practical mitigation strategies and research needs, and describes possible mitigation measures that need to be tested. These measures include providing alternative irrigation sources, various agronomic measures, use of soil amendments, growing hyperaccumulator plants, removing contaminated soil and using alternative cooking methods. 相似文献
145.
Meine van Noordwijk Robin Matthews Fahmuddin Agus Jenny Farmer Louis Verchot Kristell Hergoualc’h Sebastian Persch Hesti Lestari Tata Betha Lusiana Atiek Widayati Sonya Dewi 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2014,19(6):887-905
Tropical peatlands are known not only for their high, area-based, carbon emissions in response to land-use change but also as hot spots of debate about associated data uncertainties. Perspectives are still evolving on factors underlying the variability and uncertainty. Debate includes the ways of reducing emissions through rewetting, reforestation and agroforestry. A knowledge value-chain that is long and complex links (a) fundamental understanding of peat and peatland processes leading to sciencebased quantification and default values, (b) willingness and (c) ability to act towards emission reduction, and ultimately (d) to local, national and global actions that effectively provide rules, incentives and motivation to conserve peat and reduce emissions. We discuss this value chain, its stakeholders and issues that still remain partially unresolved. We conclude that, to shorten the denial and conspiracy-theory stages of debate that otherwise slow down steps B and C, networks of international and national scientists have to be involved at the early stage of identifying policysensitive environmental issues. Models span part of the knowledge value-chain but transition of analysis units requires specific attention, from soil volumes through area and commodity flows to opportunities for reductions. While drainage of peatlands triggers landscape-scale increases in emissions, factors beyond drainage depth, including nutrient supply, may have a major influence on decomposition rates. Attempts to disentangle the contributions of plant and peat-based respiration in surface flux measurements involve assumptions that cannot be easily verified in comparisons between land uses. With progress on A leading to new internationally accepted defaults and with resistance on step B reduced, the reality of C and lack of working solutions for D is currently constraining further progress. 相似文献
146.
Katherine E. Moseby Hugh McGregor Brydie M. Hill John L. Read 《Conservation biology》2020,34(1):220-231
Spillover effects are an expansion of conservation benefits beyond protected areas through dispersal of species that reside within. They have been well documented in marine but not terrestrial systems. To understand the effects on wildlife created by conservation fences, we explored the internal and external gradients of activity in mammal, reptile, and bird species at a conservation reserve in arid Australia that is fenced to exclude invasive rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), cats (Felis catus), and foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Two methods were used: counts of animal tracks along transects on sand dunes and captures at pitfall-trapping sites. In both cases, sites were spaced at different distances from the reserve fenceline inside and outside the reserve. We recorded a range of spillover, source-sink, step, and barrier effects that combined to create a zone within and around the reserve with fence-induced species-specific wildlife gradients. Two endemic rodents but none of the 4 mammal species reintroduced to the reserve showed positive spillover effects. Barrier effects, where activity was highest close to the fence, were recorded for the feral cat and native bettong (Bettongia lesueur), species that could not breach the fence. In comparison, some reptiles and native mammal species that could permeate the fence displayed source-sink effects; that is, their activity levels were reduced close to the fence likely due to constant emigration to the side with lower density. Activity of some reptiles was lowest at sites inside the reserve and gradually increased at outside sites with distance from the fence, a gradient likely related to trophic cascades triggered by predator exclusion. Our result shows that fenced reserves can create overlapping layers of species-specific gradients related to each species’ ability to permeate the fence and its varying susceptibility to threats. Managers should be aware that these gradients may extend for several kilometers either side of the fence and that not all contained species will increase in abundance. Creating wider conservation benefits may require increased fence permeability and threat reduction outside the fence. 相似文献
147.
Neil R. Jordan Bradley P. Smith Robert G. Appleby Lily M. van Eeden Hugh S. Webster 《Conservation biology》2020,34(4):803-810
Millennia of human conflict with wildlife have built a culture of intolerance toward wildlife among some stakeholders. We explored 2 key obstacles to improved human–wildlife coexistence: coexistence inequality (how the costs and benefits of coexisting with wildlife are unequally shared) and intolerance. The costs of coexisting with wildlife are often disproportionately borne by the so-called global south and rural communities, and the benefits often flow to the global north and urban dwellers. Attitudes and behaviors toward wildlife (tolerance versus intolerance) vary with social and cultural norms. We suggest more empathetic advocacy is needed that, for example, promotes conservation while appropriately considering those who bear the costs of conflict with wildlife. To achieve more equitable cost-sharing, we suggest limiting the costs incurred by those most affected or by sharing those costs more widely. For example, we advocate for the development of improved wildlife compensation schemes, increasing the scale of rewilding efforts, and preventing wildlife-derived revenue leaching out of the local communities bearing the costs of coexistence. 相似文献
148.
We examined the dynamics and avoidance of mate guarding, by males and females, in the blue-footed booby, in which the two social mates are usually simultaneously present on the territory but each of them is unmonitored by the other for one-quarter of its time. Both sexes were promiscuous and liable to switch mates. Cuckolded individuals did not increase their overall presence on the territory, but in response to the extra-pair (EP) courtships of their mates, both sexes doubled their rate of intra-pair (IP) courtship and sometimes showed aggression. The male or female's presence depressed the social mate's EP activity, but intra-pair courtship had no such effect, tending even to propitiate that EP activity. Similarly, when females responded to their social mates' EP courtship with approach or aggression, disruption of EP activity was short-lived. Promiscuous females modified their diurnal pattern of attendance, as if attempting to sidestep monitoring by their mates, but cuckolded males matched the modification. Both sexes tended to perform their EP activities at a distance when their mates were present, possibly to evade monitoring or disruption by their mates. Male and female boobies cannot monitor their mates continuously, they do little to facultatively adjust their presence on territory to the risk of infidelity, and their immediate responses to overt infidelity have only the briefest impact; but the information they acquire while monitoring their mates may be critical to constraining their mates' infidelity and also to calibrating their own reproductive investment. 相似文献
149.
Tony Matthews 《Local Environment》2013,18(10):1089-1103
This paper characterises climate change as a “transformative stressor”. It argues that institutional change will become increasingly necessary as institutions seek to reorientate governance frameworks to better manage the transformative stresses created by climate change in urban environments. Urban and metropolitan planning regimes are identified as central institutions in addressing this challenge. The operationalisation of climate adaptation is identified as a central tenet of a comprehensive urban response to the transformative stresses that climate change is predicted to create. Operationalisation refers to climate adaptation becoming incorporated, codified and implemented as a central tenet of urban planning governance. This paper has three purposes. First, it examines conceptual perspectives on the role of transformative stressors in compelling institutional change. Second, it establishes a conceptual approach that characterises climate change as a transformative stressor requiring institutional change within planning frameworks. Third, it reports emergent results and analysis from an empirical inquiry which examines how the metro-regional planning regime of Southeast Queensland has responded to climate change as a transformative stressor via institutional change and the operationalisation of climate adaptation. 相似文献
150.
Predicting extinctions as a result of climate change 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Widespread extinction is a predicted ecological consequence of global warming. Extinction risk under climate change scenarios is a function of distribution breadth. Focusing on trees and birds of the eastern United States, we used joint climate and environment models to examine fit and climate change vulnerability as a function of distribution breadth. We found that extinction vulnerability increases with decreasing distribution size. We also found that model fit decreases with decreasing distribution size, resulting in high prediction uncertainty among narrowly distributed species. High prediction uncertainty creates a conservation dilemma in that excluding these species under-predicts extinction risk and favors mistaken inaction on global warming. By contrast, including narrow endemics results in over-predicting extinction risk and promotes mistaken inaction on behalf of individual species prematurely considered doomed to extinction. 相似文献