美国市政污水处理排放标准制定对中国的启示

在概述美国市政污水处理排放标准制度体系的基础上,介绍了其制定基于技术的排放限值和基于水质的排放限值的方法,阐述了其制定的科学性,并指出了中国市政污水处理排放标准中存在的相应问题。最后,根据美国制定排放标准限值的经验,对我国污水处理排放标准进行了思考,并提出了科学制定排放标准的方法和建议。     

碳酸钙改性硅藻土处理电解锌漂洗废水实验研究

铅锌矿在我国储存量大,电解法生产锌过程中可产生含Zn~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、As5+和Cu~(2+)等重金属离子的漂洗废水。以硅藻土精土为基体,用碳酸钙作为改性剂制备改性硅藻土,对电解锌漂洗废水进行吸附实验研究。结果表明:在反应时间为150 min,碳酸钙改性硅藻土用量为3 g/L,pH为5.46,温度为25℃条件下,对废水进行吸附实验,吸附后废水中的Cu~(2+)和As5+离子浓度低于仪器检测线(0.01 mg/L和0.09 mg/L),Pb~(2+)浓度为0.16 mg/L,吸附后废水中Cu~(2+)、As5+和Pb~(2+)离子浓度均满足GB 25466—2010《铅锌工业污染物排放标准》的排放要求。同时,采用SEM、FTIR、XRD等对碳酸钙改性硅藻土进行表征,进一步探讨了碳酸钙改性硅藻土对重金属的吸附机理。     

Effect of MoO3 on vanadium based catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 at low temperature

The selective catalytic reduction(SCR) activities of the MoO_3 doped V/WTi catalysts prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method at low temperature were investigated.The results showed that the addition of MoO_3 could enhance the NO_ xconversion at low temperature and the best SCR activity was obtained when the dosage of MoO_3 reached5 wt.%. The NH3-TPD and DRIFTS experiments indicated that the addition of MoO_3 changed the type and number of acid sites on the surface of catalysts and reaction activities of acid sites were altered at the same time. The redox capacity and amount of active oxygen species got improved for V3Mo5/WTi catalyst, which could be confirmed by the H_2-TPR and transient response experiments. Water vapor inhibited the NO_xconversion at low temperature. Deposition of ammonium sulfate or bisulfate might be main reason for the loss of catalytic activity in the presence of SO_2 at low temperature. Choosing the suitable NH_3/NO ratio and elevation of reaction temperature both could weaken the influence of SO_2 on the SCR activity of the V3Mo5/WTi catalyst. Thermal treatment of the deactivated catalyst at350°C could get the low temperature activity recovered. The decrease of GHSV improved the de NO_x efficiency at low temperature and we speculated that the rational technological process and operation parameters could contribute to the application of this kind of catalysts in real industrial environment.     

Quantifying public health benefits of environmental strategy of PM2.5 air quality management in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, China

In 2013,China issued "Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan(Action Plan)" to improve air quality.To assess the benefits of this program in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region,where the density of population and emissions vary greatly,we simulated the air quality benefit based on Ben MAP to satisfy the Action Plan.In this study,we estimate PM_(2.5) concentration using Voronoi spatial interpolation method on a grid with a spatial resolution of 1 × 1 km~2.Combined with the exposure-response function between PM_(2.5) concentration and health endpoints,health effects of PM_(2.5) exposure are analyzed.The economic loss is assessed by using the willingness to pay(WTP) method and human capital(HC) method.When the PM_(2.5) concentration falls by 25% in BTH and reached 60 μg/m~3 in Beijing,the avoiding deaths will be in the range of 3175 to 14051 based on different functions each year.Of the estimated mortality attributable to all causes,3117 annual deaths were due to lung cancer,1924 – 6318 annual deaths were due to cardiovascular,and343 – 1697 annual deaths were due to respiratory.Based on WTP,the estimated monetary values for the avoided cases of all cause mortality,cardiovascular mortality,respiratory mortality and lung cancer ranged from 1110 to 29632,673 to 13325,120 to 3579,1091 to 6574 million yuan,respectively.Based on HC,the corresponding values for the avoided cases of these four mortalities were 267 to 1178,161 to 529,29 to 143 and 261 million yuan,respectively.     

In-situ synthesis of TiO2 rutile/anatase heterostructure by DC magnetron sputtering at room temperature and thickness effect of outermost rutile layer on photocatalysis

TiO_2 rutile/anatase heterostructure thin films with varying rutile thickness have been in-situ synthesized via DC magnetron sputtering with Ar gas at room temperature. The crystal texture, surface morphology, energy gap and optical properties of the films have been investigated by X-ray diffraction meter, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction meter, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV–visible spectrophotometer, which indicates that the rutile/anatase heterostructure films are successfully fabricated. The further degradation experiments display that the photocatalytic activity can be dramatically affected by the thickness of the outmost rutile layer and the 100 nm thickness exhibits the best performance in all of the TiO_2 thin films. With the increase of the outmost rutile layer, the optical band gap of TiO_2 film displays a systematic decrease slightly. However,the change in photocatalytic activity does not coincide with that in the band gap. The photoresponse and electrochemical properties of the thin films have been characterized to understand the mechanism of the varied photocatalytic activity.     

哈尔滨市土壤表层重金属污染特征及来源辨析

鉴于确定土壤重金属来源是降低土壤重金属人为输入和控制土壤重金属面源污染扩散的必然要求,以哈尔滨市9个市辖区中4个主要老城区（道里区、道外区、南岗区、香坊区）为研究区,依据标准格网进行土壤样本采集（表层土壤样本307个,深层土壤样本77个）,分析土壤中w（As）、w（Hg）、w（Cd）、w（Cr）、w（Cu）、w（Ni）、w（Pb）、w（Zn）;并利用主成分分析法、地累积指数法和指示克里格插值法,分别对该区不同成土母质区域表层土壤重金属的污染特征和来源进行分析.结果表明:① 哈尔滨市四区表层土壤中As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn主要来源于成土母质,Hg和Cd受人类活动的影响显著.② 以各类成土母质中重金属含量平均值为评价依据,哈尔滨市表层土壤中Hg、Cd表现出较大范围的重金属污染,依据土壤样本所在格网覆盖范围,污染范围分别占研究区的60%、65%.③ Cu、Pb、Zn污染范围小且污染程度低.研究显示,人口集聚、工业发展、交通发达等因素已经造成研究区表层土壤中Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn不同程度、不同范围的污染,需要合理有效地处理生活垃圾、控制工业和交通排放,以缓解表层土壤重金属污染.      

4.0版海洋功能区划的生态环境政策基础与任务探讨

本文分析了国际海洋生态环境管理趋向和我国海洋功能区划与生态环境政策的关系,首次提出版本1.0~4.0的概念规范我国海洋功能区划序列,探讨了4.0版海洋功能区划的生态环境政策基础与所需承载任务。研究认为:不同版本海洋功能区划虽然反映出海洋生态环境政策的逐步完善和强化,但仍面临政策滞后性的制度障碍。4.0版海洋功能区划需要审慎地开展基于生态系统管理方面的工作,关注生态系统服务功能和价值的理论运用和实践,采纳与区划目标相适应的量化控制手段,并与海洋生态环保制度、机制、管理相协调,为海洋生态政绩考核提供科学依据与有力支撑。     

城市饮用水源地生态系统健康评价与保护对策研究

开展城市饮用水源地生态系统健康状况评价,为建立流域尺度的长效保护机制提供依据.以郑州尖岗水库为研究对象,构建水域生境结构、水生生物、陆域生态格局和生态功能等共6类16项评价指标,采用综合指数法开展评估.尖岗水库水域、陆域和流域综合生态健康标准化评估值分别为54.17、59.21和57.19,评价等级均为"一般",河道连通性、森林覆盖率是流域生态健康的主要限制因子.人类活动对尖岗水库生态系统健康状况产生了强烈影响,生态环境正处于负向演替和生态退化阶段.     

"十二五"期间辽河流域的典型流域土地利用组成和变化分析研究

在遥感影像数据基础上,采用ERDAS和ArcGIS分析得出"十二五"期间清河、凡河和蒲河3个流域的土地利用组成及变化.结果表明:清河流域和凡河流域土地利用以林地为主,自然类型面积之和占流域总面积比例超过50%,蒲河流域则以耕地和建设用地等人工类型为主,面积之和占比超过80%;"十二五"期间各流域的土地利用类型均存在不同程度自然类型向人工类型转化的现象,清河流域变化最大,蒲河最小.     

湖北省PM2.5与PM10比值分析及PM2.5时空分布特征研究

基于2012年-2014年湖北省大气污染物监测数据,通过数据反演方法,得到湖北省17个城市的PM2.5年均浓度.利用ArcGIS绘制出各城市不同年份的颗粒物浓度空间分布图,并对其进行分析.结果表明,2012年-2014年间,湖北省17个城市PM2.5与PM10年均浓度比值为0.66,PM2.5年均浓度超出国家二级标准,整体呈现上升趋势.城市方面,在多数城市PM2.5与PM10浓度上升的同时,仅武汉、黄冈和天门3个城市颗粒物浓度2014年较2013年有所下降,且武汉市PM2.5浓度下降率达12.8%,表明武汉市近两年来采取的政策措施具有较好的可行性和有效性.