Efficiency of natural reproduction of sturgeons in the lower Volga under current conditions

The results are presented that have been obtained during long-term studies (1991–2009) on the efficiency of natural reproduction of the beluga, Russian sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, and sterlet in different spawning zones of the Volga. The influence of major environmental factors on the formation of the offspring of these fishes is analyzed. It is shown that the productivity of Volga spawning grounds varies depending on the river flow volume during spring floods and the abundance of active spawners. Practical recommendations are proposed for enhancing sturgeon reproduction in the Volga.     

Effect of anthropogenic pollution on oxidative processes in the liver of fish from the Rybinsk Reservoir

The levels of total lipids, peroxidation products, and antioxidant activity in the liver were studied in fish species living in unequally polluted areas of the Rybinsk Reservoir and differing in their ecology and taxonomic position: the bream (Abramis brama L.), roach (Rutilus rutilus L.), burbot (Lota lota L.), and zander (Stizostedion lucioperca L.). The fish from polluted water areas were characterized by higher levels of total lipids and malonic dialdehyde and a deficiency of antioxidants. It is shown that the test parameters depend on the type of feeding and mode of life of the fish species.     

Some Effects of Atmospheric Fluoride on Plant Metabolism

Leaves of Tendergreen bean plants exposed to atmospheric fluoride concentrations in the range 1.7 to 7.6 μg/m³ showed increased levels of enolase and catalase activity and decreased levels of pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity and oxalacetate were not affected. The leaves of Milo maize plants exposed to 5.0 μg F/m³ showed increased levels of enolase and pyruvate kinase activity and a decreased level of pyruvate. Oxalacetate and α-ketoglutarate levels were not affected. Catalase activity was increased, then decreased by IIF fumigation. The changes induced by HF were greatest six to 10 days after the start of fumigation and disappeared or decreased in magnitude during the post-fumigation period.     

Report on International Affairs Committee

This is a report on Meetings of Representatives of National Air Pollution Preventions Associations to Consider the Establishment of an International Union, held in Washington, D. C, June 18–19, 1964 and Houston, Texas, June 21–22, 1964.     

An Atmospheric Diffusion Model for Metropolitan Areas

An urban diffusion model, which does not require the use of an electronic computer, is presented. The main simplifying assumptions are that continuous pollutant sources are uniformly distributed over the urban area and vertical diffusion occurs until the effluent from each line source reaches the top of the mixing layer, after which the effluent is uniformly distributed through the mixing layer. After the appropriate vertical diffusion coefficient is specified, the calculated concentration is a function of source strength, linear dimension of the metropolis, mixing depth, and wind speed. The calculated concentration is interpreted either as a representative maximum concentration or, through integration, as the average concentration over the metropolitan area. When a representative pollutant concentration is known, the model may be used to determine the apparent “uniform” source strength.     

Progress in High-Temperature Electrostatic Precipitation

Current-voltage relationships for negative corona are given for a pilot-scale electrostatic precipitator with 3-in. electrode spacing at 80°–1500°F and 35–80 psig. Direct comparison is made with the electrical characteristics for a 1-in. spacing at 1200°F over the same pressure range. Experimental results on both spacing agree well with electrostatic theory. Initial dust removal efficiencies for the pilot-scale precipitator ranged from 90 to 98% at 1460°F and 80 psig, but continuous operation was not achieved owing to excessive thermal expansion of the internal parts of the unit.     

A Multivariable Model for Atmospheric Dispersion Predictions

In conjunction with a 15-month air quality survey of Jacksonville, Fia., a mathematical model has been developed to describe the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants. The source inventory used with the model was compiled, in part, from the data obtained from the sampling of all major sources within the area. The major sources were considered separately from the one-mile square area sources which accounted for the remainder of the emissions. Meteorological data was recorded continuously in the city including vertical temperature observations to 750 ft. The model was compiled in FORTRAN and can be used for both gaseous and particulate pollutants, by utilizing proper decay rates. The variant nature of meteorological parameters and emission rates are considered. The ground level concentrations of several pollutants which were determined for 24 hr periods at 11 sites and continuously at two other sites were used to check the model. A limited tracer study was carried out in conjunction with the project.     

Apparent Photosynthesis as a Measure of Air Pollution Damage

A system has been developed to automatically measure the effects of air pollutants in the ambient air on the rate of CO₂ exchange by intact leaves of citrus trees growing in the field. A miniaturized system utilizing the same nondispersive infrared CO₂ analyzer has been designed to study individually the effects of different concentrations of air pollutants on photosynthesis and respiration by plants.     

Investigation to Determine the Possible Need for a Regulation on Organic Compound Emissions from Stationary Sources in the San Francisco Bay Area

The problem of an investigation of the need for a regulation on organic compound emissions in the San Francisco Bay Area can be divided into two major areas: 1. Is there a need for a regulation on organic compound emissions? What is the extent of photochemical smog effects? How much control is necessary to achieve the desired effects?

2. (2) If the need exists for an organic compound regulation, can a performance type regulation be written for all types of organic compound emissions? Must the regulation be directed toward specific industries or types of emissions? Can the regulation be adequately enforced—both practically and legally?

This paper will describe the studies undertaken by the District Staff to answer the first set of questions. Work covering the second group of questions is now under investigation.