流向波罗的海的微量元素：输入存积的问题

对经同湿性沉降而产生地学因子的砷、镉、钴、铬、铜、汞、镍、铅和锌的背景负荷进行了估算，而１９９０年以来的大气沉降总量确定为超过背景的５倍至多达２０倍。经由河流输入的元素区分为地学因子和人类因子，叶现为不均匀分布。河流输入总量（包括扩散来源）估算为砷２００、镉６０、钴２００、铬４４０、铜１３００、汞５０、镍３００、铅１５００和锌６０００。最高负荷来自波半才波罗的海国家的河流。现有的监测对确定象氮和硫     

Split-second escape decisions in blue tits (Parus caeruleus)

Bird mortality is heavily affected by birds of prey. Under attack, take-off is crucial for survival and even minor mistakes in initial escape response can have devastating consequences. Birds may respond differently depending on the character of the predator's attack and these split-second decisions were studied using a model merlin (Falco columbarius) that attacked feeding blue tits (Parus caeruleus) from two different attack angles in two different speeds. When attacked from a low attack angle they took off more steeply than when attacked from a high angle. This is the first study to show that escape behaviour also depends on predator attack speed. The blue tits responded to a high-speed attack by dodging sideways more often than when attacked at a low speed. Escape speed was not significantly affected by the different treatments. Although they have only a split-second before escaping an attack, blue tits do adjust their escape strategy to the prevailing attack conditions.     

Hot spots in the bee hive

Honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera) maintain temperatures of 35-36°C in their brood nest because the brood needs high and constant temperature conditions for optimal development. We show that incubation of the brood at the level of individual honeybees is done by worker bees performing a particular and not yet specified behaviour: such bees raise the brood temperature by pressing their warm thoraces firmly onto caps under which the pupae develop. The bees stay motionless in a characteristic posture and have significantly higher thoracic temperatures than bees not assuming this posture in the brood area. The surface of the brood caps against which warm bees had pressed their thorax were up to 3.2°C warmer than the surrounding area, confirming that effective thermal transfer had taken place.     

从更广泛的矿床成因理论角度看黑矿型矿床的形成

<正> 前言 本人主要对中、南美洲科迪勒拉地区的后成金属矿床作了研究,而且必须承认,我对于黑矿型矿床的直接了解是相当有限的。尽管如此,我认为,对于有关黑矿型矿床成因目前占优势的传统观点(至少是在北美)有必要提出疑问。一般来说,人们普遍认为,黑矿型矿床是海水对流热液体系的产物,这种体系将金属从岩石中淋滤出来,并将它们搬运到海水界面的沉积地点。 由海水衍生的热液流体是金属搬运和黑矿型矿床     

风对水面浮油运动的影响

把一个开敞式循环水槽安装在试验风洞中,借以研究下述情况下,风对水面浮油运动的影响:(a)水不流动,(b)水逆风向流动,(c)水顺风向流动。 在各种风速情况下,把各种粘度不冈的油注入风洞中水槽的上游端,观测其运动情况。 研究了水面风浪的形成,建立了有效波高与水面以上气流粗糙度影响之间的关系。     

13、用比较滞留指数的方法鉴定复杂混合物中的成份

概述用高分辨力的毛细管气相色谱,比较试验物质与参考物质的经过精确测定的滞留指数是一项在复杂混合物中鉴定单一成份的具有说服力的方法。精确的测定滞留指数,除需要恒定的GC参数外,还需要非常精确的测定净滞留时间。尤其在运用logt_s/同系物     

14、用毛细管气相色谱的滞留指数比鉴定PCB的组份

许多研究证明,多氯联苯(PCB)是常见的环境化合物。 PCB分析的主要问题就是可能有大量的单一成份。在商品PCB混合物中,一共发现了209种含氯同系物异构体中的100多种。由环境样品尤其是由生物体中得到的PCB残留物表明是一种与含氯40—60％的商     

废纸的水解

水解植物纤维素并发酵制造其它产物的方法有几种。本文只对酸水解法和酶水解法的经济优点进行比较。所使用的原料是生活垃圾中的废纸。现已得出结论:酶水解法的费用仍然大大高于酸水解法,其重要原因是酶的价格较高。酸水解法生产每吨葡萄糖     

土地利用和理化环境对莫比尔-亚拉巴马河系中水甲基汞含量的影响

最近我们对美国东南部地区许多水域系统肉食性鱼类身上可能造成健康危险的超标汞(Hg)含量进行了测量.根据从出版的有关汞的水地球化学的实验数据得出的假设,我们调查了某些自然和人为的条件对莫尔比-亚拉巴马河系(MARS)中现场甲基汞(MeHg)含量的影响.从不同类型的环境采集了水样,假设这些水样具有不同的水甲基汞含量,并分析了总汞(THg)和甲基汞浓度以及一些主要的地球化学参数.结果如下:①总的来说,莫比尔-亚拉巴马河系水域中的总汞浓度分布相当均匀,从0.2ng/L到6ng/L不等,表明除了地质来源外,大气沉降肯定是所研究的水系中汞输入的主要来源.②在具有可比较的总汞含量的地点,以甲基汞形式存在的汞部分在从莫比尔-亚拉巴马河系的沿岸平原部分采集的样品中的含量始终比从其他地质区域采集的样品中的高.③我们的现场观测证实了从实验室试验获得的结论,即:甲基汞在水域系统中的丰度与硫酸盐(但只是在较窄的浓度范围内)有关,以及与pH的减少相关,而与硝酸盐或磷酸盐均无直接的关系.④对单一场所生物区中汞的累积的调查表明,在总汞浓度较低但甲基汞/总汞之比较高的水域系统中,生物的汞含量可能超出安全界限.因此,即使水相没有显示出有汞严重富集的迹象,也可能存在对食鱼人群的潜在健康威胁.     

Gastroliths in<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Yanornis</Emphasis>: an indication of the earliest radical diet-switching and gizzard plasticity in the lineage leading to living birds?

Yanornis martini is an Early Cretaceous basal ornithurine bird. Its fish-eating diet was previously recognized from a discrete mass of disarticulated fish remains discovered in its abdominal region. A new complete and articulated specimen of Yanornis martini preserves abundant in-situ gastroliths such as have been associated with a herbivorous diet. We suggest that the occurrence of gastroliths in this specimen, fish remains in a second, and the lack of gastroliths in three others, is consistent with diet-switching in Yanornis martini. Incompatibility of the preserved data with explanations of the grit as an artifact of preservation or result of accidental ingestion is discussed. This discovery indicates the earliest presence of intermittent diet change (and associated gizzard plasticity) observed in extant birds seasonally and in response to changes in available food sources.