纳米Fe0粒子对产乙烯脱卤菌群脱氯性能和多样性影响研究

为探讨纳米Fe0粒子对产乙烯脱卤菌群脱氯性能和物种多样性的影响,采用纳米Fe0粒子与产乙烯脱卤菌群联合脱氯,并通过气相色谱、PCR-DGGE和TEM等技术手段进行相关表征.结果表明:当纳米Fe0粒子浓度为0~0.50 g·L-1时,体系的脱氯速率提高较小,低于40%,且菌种数量无明显变化;当其浓度为0.50~1.00 g·L-1时,体系的脱氯速率由0.31μmol·h-1提高到0.77μmol·h-1,体系的脱氯速率提高了60%,部分DGGE条带消失,多样性减少.TEM结果显示,产乙烯脱卤拟球菌在与纳米Fe0粒子接触部位有轻度破损,但细胞没有破裂.纳米Fe0粒子浓度较高时对产乙烯脱卤菌群的脱氯有明显的促进作用,但会使产乙烯脱卤菌群物种多样性减少.     

北京典型道路交通环境机动车黑碳排放与浓度特征研究

本研究对2009年北京市典型道路(北四环中路西段)进行实际交通流监测和调研,分析了总车流量、车型构成和平均速度的日变化规律.应用北京机动车排放因子模型(EMBEV模型)和颗粒物黑碳排放的研究数据,计算该路段的黑碳平均排放因子和排放强度.根据同期观测的气象数据,应用AERMOD模型对道路黑碳排放进行了扩散模拟,并根据城市背景站点和道路边站点的监测数据对模拟结果进行了验证.研究表明,该路段黑碳平均排放因子与重型柴油车在总车流中所占比例呈现出极强的相关性,由于北京市实行货车区域限行制度,日间时段总车流的平均黑碳排放因子为(9.3±1.2)mg·km-1·veh-1,而夜间时段上升至(29.5±11.1)mg·km-1·veh-1.全天时均黑碳排放强度为17.9~115.3g·km-1·h-1,其中早(7:00—9:00)晚(17:00—19:00)高峰时段的黑碳排放强度分别为(106.1±13.0)g·km-1·h-1和(102.6±6.2)g·km-1·h-1.基于同期监测数据验证,AERMOD模型的模拟效果较好.模拟时段的道路黑碳排放对道路边监测点的平均浓度贡献为(2.8±3.5)μg·m-3.由于局地气象条件差异,日间和夜间的机动车排放对道路边黑碳的模拟浓度存在显著差异.日间时段,小型客车排放对道路边站点的黑碳浓度贡献最高,达(1.07±1.57)μg·m-3;其次为公交车,达(0.58±0.85)μg·m-3.夜间时段货车比例明显上升,其黑碳排放占主导地位,贡献浓度(2.44±2.31)μg·m-3.     

建设项目环境影响后评价的主要内容及存在的问题研究

根据《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》的有关条款,探讨了建设项目环境影响后评价的定义、适用对象、工作内容、工作程序。同时,结合多年的环境管理经验,分析了典型行业环境影响后评价的重点,并指出了目前中国建设项目环境影响后评价存在的问题,提出了改进和完善的建议。实践表明,开展环境影响后评价有助于提高环境管理决策水平。     

畜牧业清洁生产关键技术实例研究——生态发酵床在规模化养猪场的应用研究

畜牧养殖业最大的污染物就是畜禽粪便,在畜禽养殖也实施清洁生产技术十分必要,将粪便在产生的环节上降低污染物的产生和排放,结合具体实例,按照企业清洁生产审核程序要求,对一家生猪养殖场进行清洁生产审核,对生态发酵床技术在规模化养猪场的应用进行深入研究,从技术、环境、经济三个方面阐述这项清洁生产技术的示范作用。     

A One Year Study on the Concentrations of Norovirus and Enteric Adenoviruses in Wastewater and A Surface Drinking Water Source in Norway

Enteric viruses transmitted via the faecal-oral route occur in high concentrations in wastewater and may contaminate drinking water sources and cause disease. In order to quantify enteric adenovirus and norovirus genotypes I and II (GI and GII) impacting a drinking source in Norway, samples of surface water (52), wastewater inlet (64) and outlet (59) were collected between January 2011 and April 2012. Samples were concentrated in two steps, using an electropositive disc filter and polyethylene glycol precipitation, followed by nucleic acid extraction and analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Virus was detected in 47/52 (90.4 %) of surface water, 59/64 (92 %) of wastewater inlet and 55/59 (93 %) of wastewater outlet samples. Norovirus GI occurred in the highest concentrations in surface water (2.51e + 04) and adenovirus in wastewater (2.15e + 07). While adenovirus was the most frequently detected in all matrices, norovirus GI was more frequently detected in surface water and norovirus GII in wastewater. This study is the first in Norway to monitor both sewage and a drinking water source in parallel, and confirms the year-round presence of norovirus and adenovirus in a Norwegian drinking water source.     

Molecular Detection of human Noroviruses in Influent and Effluent Samples From Two Biological Sewage Treatment Plants in the Region of Monastir,Tunisia

Noroviruses (NoVs) are responsible for numerous cases of waterborne and foodborne gastroenteritis every year. They are released in the sewage and their detection in this environment can reflect the epidemiology of the viral strains circulating in the community. A three-year (2007–2010) survey was conducted in order to evaluate the presence of human NoVs using RT-PCR in 518 sewage samples collected at the entrance and exit of two biological sewage treatment plants located in Monastir region, Tunisia. In this study, we aimed to genetically characterize the most prevalent GI and GII NoV strains, in order to obtain a rough estimate of the efficacy of disinfection treatments and to compare the results with clinical data documented in the same area during the same period. This work confirms the wide circulation and the genetic diversity of NoVs in Tunisia and the widespread distribution of NoV variants in both raw and treated wastewater. Indeed, NoV was detected in 192 (37.1 %) sewage samples, among them mixed infections with group A rotavirus were detected in 125 (65.1 %) cases. The genotypes of the GI NoVs were GI.1, GI.2, GI.4, GI.5, and GI of unassigned genotype (GI.UA), and the genotypes of the GII NoVs were all GII.12. This study enhances the currently poor environmental virological data gathered in Tunisia, demonstrates the benefit of environmental surveillance as a tool to determine the epidemiology of NoVs circulating in a given community, and underlines the need for the design and support of similar long-term studies in our country, in order to compensate for the absence of a national surveillance system for gastroenteric viruses.     

Differential timing and latitudinal variation in sex ratio of Aquatic Warblers during the autumn migration

Differential migration has been extensively reported in spring, but less so in autumn, particularly in relation to sex in monomorphic bird species. Here, we analysed the autumn passage of a monomorphic, globally threatened passerine, the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola throughout Western Europe, with regard to age and sex. We showed that, overall, adults migrated earlier than first-year birds, and males migrated earlier than females during the autumn migration. This may be caused by an overall social dominance of adults over immatures, and differentiated migration strategy of males and females. In addition, we found male-skewed sex proportions, with a tendency to an equalised ratio in more southern stopover sites. This may indicate a male bias in the global population or different migration strategies of the sexes. Differential migration may cause the age and sex classes to be exposed differently to various threats affecting demographic structure of the species.     

Alteration of dominant cyanobacteria in different bloom periods caused by abiotic factors and species interactions

Freshwater cyanobacterial blooms have drawn public attention because they threaten the safety of water resources and human health worldwide. Heavy cyanobacterial blooms outbreak in Lake Taihu in summer annually and vanish in other months. To find out the factors impacting the cyanobacterial blooms, the present study measured the physicochemical parameters of water and investigated the composition of microbial community using the 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer amplicon sequencing in the months with or without bloom. The most interesting finding is that two major cyanobacteria, Planktothrix and Microcystis, dramatically alternated during a cyanobacterial bloom in 2016, which is less mentioned in previous studies. When the temperature of the water began increasing in July, Planktothrix appeared first and showed as a superior competitor for M. aeruginosa in NO₃^?-rich conditions. Microcystis became the dominant genus when the water temperature increased further in August. Laboratory experiments confirmed the influence of temperature and the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) form on the growth of Planktothrix and Microcystis in a co-culture system. Besides, species interactions between cyanobacteria and non-cyanobacterial microorganisms, especially the prokaryotes, also played a key role in the alteration of Planktothrix and Microcystis. The present study exhibited the alteration of two dominant cyanobacteria in the different bloom periods caused by the temperature, TDN forms as well as the species interactions. These results helped the better understanding of cyanobacterial blooms and the factors which contribute to them.     

Ensuring the continued success of a mulch biowall at a trichloroethylene-contaminated superfund site: Lessons learned

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a toxic organic compound, which can adversely affect human health. The chemical is one of the most frequently found contaminants in groundwater in the United States and around the world. A landfill in Maryland contaminated with high levels of TCE decades ago was added to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Priority List (NPL) in 1994. A biowall was installed on the site in 2013 to promote the bioremediation of TCE and subsequently of its degradation products. Six-year monitoring data indicated a steady removal of >99% groundwater TCE at the wall since installation. However, a concurrent buildup of intermediate byproducts was observed downgradient of the wall. An examination of the entire system was necessary to find the reason behind the inefficiency of the biowall. In this study, the background of the site, remediation plan, and installation were assessed. Monitoring data, including the concentration of TCE and its degradation byproducts, and geochemical and physical characteristics were evaluated to understand the conditions and challenges facing decision-makers of this project and possible options to improve biowall efficacy.     

Removal of carbon and dioxins from municipal solid waste incineration fly ash by ball milling and flotation methods

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - A ball milling pretreatment with additives for fly ash and the combined use of reagents as flotation collectors in fly ash flotation were...