贵州丹寨金汞矿区尾渣和水土中汞砷分布特征及潜在风险

贵州丹寨金汞矿在开采期间,将大量的废渣露天堆放在环境中,这些尾渣不仅含有金,还含有有毒有害重金属汞和砷。本文研究丹寨尾渣中汞和砷的淋出特征以及矿区周边土壤、农作物和地表水汞砷分布特征,并通过尾渣中金含量来评估利用植物提取技术来回收金的可能性。研究结果表明,利用0.1mol·L-1Na H2PO4和0.1 mol·L-1Na2HPO4(3:2 V/V)的混合溶液淋洗尾渣,淋滤出的砷含量达到9 929.8μg·L-1;利用0.1 mol·L-1CH3COONH4溶液淋洗尾渣,淋滤液汞含量达到12.12μg·L-1。矿区周边土壤总汞含量和总砷含量分别为11.5~79.7 mg·kg-1和23.7~356.5 mg·kg-1,利用污染程度法和尼梅罗综合污染指数发对其Hg和As污染程度进行了评价,结果显示土壤汞污染严重,污染因子高达10.5~78.7;尼梅罗综合污染指数为62.97;同时该土壤还受到严重的As污染,除了其中一个样点的As污染程度小于0属于未超标,其它样点As污染程度均大于0;尼梅罗综合污染指数为13.41。农作物中总汞含量和总砷含量均超过国家食品卫生限量标准,分别是《食品安全国家标准》(GB2762-2012)中所允许最大总汞和最大总砷的10~1 150倍和1.6~7.4倍。位于尾渣堆放点上游的地表水中总汞和总砷浓度分别为102.4 ng·L-1和2 262.1 ng·L-1,流经尾渣堆后,浓度大幅度增加,分别为160.3 ng·L-1和11 571.8 ng·L-1,说明丹寨尾渣可能是潜在的汞和砷污染源。尾渣中金含量为0.54 g·t-1,可以探索利用植物提取技术来回收尾渣中的金。     

天津纪庄子再生水厂改扩建工程总体设计

天津纪庄子再生水厂改扩建工程在不新增占地的情况下,在大量工程性试验的基础上,通过采取将砂滤池改造为浸没式微滤膜滤池等措施,成功地将全厂处理工艺统一为混凝沉淀、微滤、臭氧氧化和部分反渗透工艺,处理规模从5.0万m3/d增加到7.0万m3d,同时大幅度提高了出水水质。该工程是国家水专项示范工程,采用的先进技术和工程措施可供现有再生水厂、自来水厂的升级改造和扩建工程参考。     

Behavioral and faunal implications of Early Cretaceous deinonychosaur trackways from China

Deinonychosaurian theropods, the dinosaurian sister group of birds, are characterized by a large raptorial claw borne on a highly modified second digit that was thought to be held in a retracted position during locomotion. In this study, we present new trackway evidence for two coeval deinonychosaurian taxa from the Early Cretaceous of Shandong, China that indicate a hitherto unrecognized body size diversity for this period and continent. These fossil tracks confirm diversity and locomotory patterns implied by phylogeny and biogeography, but not yet manifested in the body fossil record. Multiple parallel and closely spaced trackways generated by the larger track maker provide the best evidence yet discovered for gregarious behavior in deinonychosaurian theropods.     

同位素技术在地下水研究中的主要应用

主要从示踪地下水补给来源、水岩相互作用,识别地下水污染来源和估算地下水年龄与更新能力等方面回顾了同位素技术在地下水研究中的主要应用。利用氢氧稳定同位素(²H、¹⁸O)示踪地下水的补给来源已经成为地下水补给研究的重要方向。通过分析地下水中⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr、²⁶Mg等同位素的变化,有助于认识地下水的水质成因和水文地球化学过程。同位素技术在识别地下水污染来源方面具有独特的价值,如借助硝酸盐的氮氧同位素(¹⁵N、¹⁸O)可以识别地下水中硝酸盐的来源。应用³H、¹⁴C等放射性同位素不仅可以获取地下水的年龄,而且有助于认识地下水的循环和更新能力,地下水的更新能力是地下水可持续开发利用的重要参考指标。     

Small hive beetles survive in honeybee prisons by behavioural mimicry

We report the results of a simple experiment to determine whether honeybees feed their small hive beetle nest parasites. Honeybees incarcerate the beetles in cells constructed of plant resins and continually guard them. The longevity of incarcerated beetles greatly exceeds their metabolic reserves. We show that survival of small hive beetles derives from behavioural mimicry by which the beetles induce the bees to feed them trophallactically. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer LINK server located at htpp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-002-0326-y.     

A new fossil mustelid from the Miocene of South Dakota,USA

A skull from the Barstovian of South Dakota has typical leptarctine characteristics, including robust zygomatic arches, double sagittal crests, grooves on the lingual side of the lower canines, and bony projections from the tympanic bullae. The robust mandibles and expanded masseteric fossa of this specimen indicate that it had large jaw muscles. Dental morphology and other characters lead us to agree with earlier suggestions that Hypsoparia is a valid genus. The morphology of Hypsoparia suggests that leptarctines were more herbivorous than most other Carnivora.     

The effect of biofuel production on swine farm methane and ammonia emissions

Methane (CH) and ammonia (NH3) are emitted to the atmosphere during anaerobic processing of organic matter, and both gases have detrimental environmental effects. Methane conversion to biofuel production has been suggested to reduce CH4 emissions from animal manure processing systems. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the change in CH4 and NH3 emissions in an animal feeding operation due to biofuel production from the animal manure. Gas emissions were measured from swine farms differing only in their manure-management treatment systems (conventional vs. biofuel). By removing organic matter (i.e., carbon) from the biofuel farms' manure-processing lagoons, average annual CH4 emissions were decreased by 47% compared with the conventional farm. This represents a net 44% decrease in global warming potential (CO2 equivalent) by gases emitted from the biofuel farms compared with conventional farms. However, because of the reduction of methanogenesis and its reduced effect on the chemical conversion of ammonium (NH4+) to dinitrogen (N2) gas, NH3 emissions in the biofuel farms increased by 46% over the conventional farms. These studies show that what is considered an environmentally friendly technology had mixed results and that all components of a system should be studied when making changes to existing systems.     

D201树脂负载[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]2-脱除NO过程研究

通过D201(Cl型)树脂的离子交换作用,将[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)嫁接到树脂骨架上,并以此研究该树脂对NO的吸收过程和脱除效果.主要考察了D201(Cl型)树脂嫁接[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)过程中[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)负载量、EDTA与Fe~(2+)物质的量比、络合液p H、抗氧化剂复配体系等因素对改性树脂脱除NO的影响.结果表明,D201(Cl型)树脂负载[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)能够有效地脱除NO,树脂表面残留的络合液在脱除NO过程中起到关键作用,它为NO进入树脂内部反应提供了通道;NO脱除效果随着[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)负载量的增加而提高,70 g树脂饱和负载量为12.5~15.0 mmol;当络合液EDTA与Fe~(2+)的物质的量比为1.5、p H=6时,得到的负载[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)树脂脱除NO的效果最好;烟气中的氧气对NO脱除效果影响极大,加入0.02 mol·L~(-1)抗坏血酸的复配体系能够较好地减缓氧气的影响;红外分析结果证明,[Fe(Ⅱ)EDTA]~(2-)和SO_4~(2-)一起参与了树脂离子交换过程;BET分析表明,D201树脂负载前后孔结构没有变化,树脂的大孔结构提供了较大的NO吸收接触面积.     

开封城市河流底泥重金属积累生态风险评价及同位素源解析

分析了开封市不同区位3条代表性河流底泥样品中重金属总量及形态.采用改进的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价了不同区位河流底泥的污染情况.使用MC-ICP-MS分析了Pb、Zn和Cu的稳定同位素组成,并基于此尝试解析底泥中重金属污染来源.结果表明：①开封城市河流底泥各重金属含量均超过环境背景值,重金属污染以Cd最为严重,其次为Zn、Cu、Pb、As、Cr和Ni.位于老工业区的化肥河底泥中重金属的平均含量明显高于老城区和新开发区.②从形态分布来看,开封城市河流底泥重金属Cd和Zn的生物有效态含量最高,具有较高的潜在风险.老工业区河流底泥中重金属的生物有效态含量高于老城区及新开发区.③潜在生态风险评价结果表明,位于老工业区的化肥河底泥重金属污染表现为很强生态风险程度的V等级,位于老城区的黄汴河和新开发区的马家河则均表现为强生态风险程度.④基于Pb-Zn-Cu同位素组成表明,老工业区底泥重金属主要来自工业活动,老城区黄汴河和新开发区马家河重金属主要来自生活污水的排放及城市地表径流.     

The importance of considering spatial attributes in evaluating estuarine habitat condition: the South Carolina experience

The South Carolina Estuarine and Coastal Assessment Program (SCECAP) was initiated in 1999 to assess the condition of the state's coastal habitats using multiple measures of water quality, sediment quality, and biological condition. Sampling was subsequently expanded to include components required for the National Coastal Assessment (Coastal 2000) Program. Habitats are classified as either tidal creeks (<#60; 100 meters in width) or larger open water bodies. Approximately 30 sites are sampled within each habitat during the summer months using a probability-based random sampling design. Results obtained from the first two years of sampling documented significant differences in several water quality parameters (DO, salinity, pH, turbidity, fecal coliform bacteria, total nitrogen, TKN, total phosphorus) and biological measures (chlorophyll-a, finfish and crustacean abundance and biomass and a number of benthic species) between the tidal creek and open water habitats. These differences highlight the value of partitioning shallow water habitats separately from the larger open water bodies traditionally sampled in estuarine monitoring programs, especially since tidal creeks serve as critical nursery areas for many species. Based on the differences observed, there is a clear need to identify different physical and biological thresholds for evaluating the condition of each habitat type.