Windsor, Ontario exposure assessment study: design and methods validation of personal, indoor, and outdoor air pollution monitoring

The Windsor, Ontario Exposure Assessment Study evaluated the contribution of ambient air pollutants to personal and indoor exposures of adults and asthmatic children living in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. In addition, the role of personal, indoor, and outdoor air pollution exposures upon asthmatic children's respiratory health was assessed. Several active and passive sampling methods were applied, or adapted, for personal, indoor, and outdoor residential monitoring of nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter (PM; PM < or = 2.5 microm [PM2.5] and < or = 10 microm [PM10] in aerodynamic diameter), elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, ozone, air exchange rates, allergens in settled dust, and particulate-associated metals. Participants completed five consecutive days of monitoring during the winter and summer of 2005 and 2006. During 2006, in addition to undertaking the air pollution measurements, asthmatic children completed respiratory health measurements (including peak flow meter tests and exhaled breath condensate) and tracked respiratory symptoms in a diary. Extensive quality assurance and quality control steps were implemented, including the collocation of instruments at the National Air Pollution Surveillance site operated by Environment Canada and at the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality site in Allen Park, Detroit, MI. During field sampling, duplicate and blank samples were also completed and these data are reported. In total, 50 adults and 51 asthmatic children were recruited to participate, resulting in 922 participant days of data. When comparing the methods used in the study with standard reference methods, field blanks were low and bias was acceptable, with most methods being within 20% of reference methods. Duplicates were typically within less than 10% of each other, indicating that study results can be used with confidence. This paper covers study design, recruitment, methodology, time activity diary, surveys, and quality assurance and control results for the different methods used.     

海洋灾害与滨海城市护岸的防灾对策

一、与滨海城市护岸有关的灾害类型海洋灾害是为数众多的灾害中危害较大的一类灾害,可分为自然的、人为的以及人为与自然相互作用所形成的灾害。滨海城市护岸经常遇到的自然灾害主要有强浪、风暴潮、海水、暴雨、台风、海水倒灌、海岸侵蚀、地震等。人为灾害主要是人类活动,特别是发展工农业生产的建设过程中发生的各种公害。二、滨海城市护岸的防灾对策一般说来城市海滨的护岸工程对城市沿海地带的安全至关重要。由于护岸本身受到地形、水文、气象等自然因素的制约,同时又受材料、施工条件等人为因素的影响,因此,防灾对策也要从自然因素和人为因素两个方面     

Simulated effects of sulfur deposition on nutrient cycling in class I wilderness areas

We predicted the effects of sulfate (SO(4)) deposition on wilderness areas designated as Class I air quality areas in western North Carolina using a nutrient cycling model (NuCM). We used three S deposition simulations: current, 50% decrease, and 100% increase. We measured vegetation, forest floor, and root biomass and collected soil, soil solution, and stream water samples for chemical analyses. We used the closest climate stations and atmospheric deposition stations to parameterize NuCM. The areas were: Joyce Kilmer (JK), Shining Rock (SR), and Linville Gorge (LG). They differ in soil acidity and nutrients, and soil solution and stream chemistry. Shining Rock and LG have lower soil solution base cation and higher acidic ion concentrations than JK. For SR and LG, the soil solution Ca/Al molar ratios are currently 0.3 in the rooting zone (A horizon), indicating Al toxicity. At SR, the simulated Ca/Al ratio increased to slightly above 1.5 after the 30-yr simulation regardless of S deposition reduction. At LG, Ca/Al ratios ranged from 1.6 to 2.4 toward the end of the simulation period, the 100% increase scenario had the lower value. Low Ca/Al ratios suggest that forests at SR and LG are significantly stressed under current conditions. Our results also suggest that SO(4) retention is low, perhaps contributing to their high degree of acidification. Their soils are acidic, low in weatherable minerals, and even with large reductions in SO(4) and associated acid deposition, it may take decades before these systems recover from depletion of exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K.     

Soil carbon dioxide emission and carbon content as affected by irrigation, tillage, cropping system, and nitrogen fertilization

Management practices can influence soil CO(2) emission and C content in cropland, which can effect global warming. We examined the effects of combinations of irrigation, tillage, cropping systems, and N fertilization on soil CO(2) flux, temperature, water, and C content at the 0- to 20-cm depth from May to November 2005 at two sites in the northern Great Plains. Treatments were two irrigation systems (irrigated vs. non-irrigated) and six management practices that contained tilled and no-tilled malt barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.) with 0 to 134 kg N ha(-1), no-tilled pea (Pisum sativum L.), and a conservation reserve program (CRP) planting applied in Lihen sandy loam (sandy, mixed, frigid, Entic Haplustolls) in western North Dakota. In eastern Montana, treatments were no-tilled malt barley with 78 kg N ha(-1), no-tilled rye (Secale cereale L.), no-tilled Austrian winter pea, no-tilled fallow, and tilled fallow applied in dryland Williams loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiborolls). Irrigation increased CO(2) flux by 13% compared with non-irrigation by increasing soil water content in North Dakota. Tillage increased CO(2) flux by 62 to 118% compared with no-tillage at both places. The flux was 1.5- to 2.5-fold greater with tilled than with non-tilled treatments following heavy rain or irrigation in North Dakota and 1.5- to 2.0-fold greater with crops than with fallow following substantial rain in Montana. Nitrogen fertilization increased CO(2) flux by 14% compared with no N fertilization in North Dakota and cropping increased the flux by 79% compared with fallow in no-till and 0 kg N ha(-1) in Montana. The CO(2) flux in undisturbed CRP was similar to that in no-tilled crops. Although soil C content was not altered, management practices influenced CO(2) flux within a short period due to changes in soil temperature, water, and nutrient contents. Regardless of irrigation, CO(2) flux can be reduced from croplands to a level similar to that in CRP planting using no-tilled crops with or without N fertilization compared with other management practices.     

承压类特种设备焊接作业人员项目的合理选择

本文根据TSG Z6002—2010《特种设备焊接操作人员考核细则》,以及施工单位焊接作业人员持有项目情况,对报考和现场选择承压类特种设备焊接作业人员项目进行合理性分析,为施工单位正确选择焊接作业人员和焊接作业人员合理申报资格证提供参考,以降低焊接作业人员考核和项目管理成本。     

表面活性剂的筛选与废纸脱墨剂配方的优化

以ONP/OMG混合废纸为脱墨对象,研究了常见的几种表面活性剂的脱墨效果,确定了在碱性条件下OP-10与FMEE单独脱墨时表现出较好的脱墨性能,并讨论了油酸钠作为油墨捕集剂以及尼诺尔6501作为泡沫稳定剂对脱墨效果的影响,最终确定了OP-10、FMEE、油酸钠与6501在45∶45∶5∶5的配比下具有最佳的协同增效作用,以该比例获得脱墨剂具有综合的乳化、分散、捕集、泡沫稳定性特点,适用于纸浆的浮选脱墨工艺.     

Comparing Burned and Mowed Treatments in Mountain Big Sagebrush Steppe

Fires in mountain big sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata spp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle] plant communities historically shifted dominance from woody to herbaceous vegetation. However, fire return intervals have lengthened with European settlement, and sagebrush dominance has increased at the expense of herbaceous vegetation in some plant communities. Management actions may be needed to decrease sagebrush in dense sagebrush stands to increase herbaceous vegetation. Prescribed fire is often used to remove sagebrush; however, mechanical treatments, such as mowing, are increasingly used because they are more controllable and do not pose an inherent risk of escape compared with fire. However, information on the effects of burned and mowed treatments on herbaceous vegetation and whether fire and mowed applications elicit similar vegetation responses are limited. We evaluated the effects of prescribed burning and mowing for 3?years after treatment in mountain big sagebrush plant communities. The burned and mowed treatments generally increased herbaceous cover, density, and production compared with untreated controls (P??0.05). In contrast, annual forb (predominately natives) cover, density, and biomass increased with mowing and burning (P?相似文献   

The effect of biofuel production on swine farm methane and ammonia emissions

Methane (CH) and ammonia (NH3) are emitted to the atmosphere during anaerobic processing of organic matter, and both gases have detrimental environmental effects. Methane conversion to biofuel production has been suggested to reduce CH4 emissions from animal manure processing systems. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the change in CH4 and NH3 emissions in an animal feeding operation due to biofuel production from the animal manure. Gas emissions were measured from swine farms differing only in their manure-management treatment systems (conventional vs. biofuel). By removing organic matter (i.e., carbon) from the biofuel farms' manure-processing lagoons, average annual CH4 emissions were decreased by 47% compared with the conventional farm. This represents a net 44% decrease in global warming potential (CO2 equivalent) by gases emitted from the biofuel farms compared with conventional farms. However, because of the reduction of methanogenesis and its reduced effect on the chemical conversion of ammonium (NH4+) to dinitrogen (N2) gas, NH3 emissions in the biofuel farms increased by 46% over the conventional farms. These studies show that what is considered an environmentally friendly technology had mixed results and that all components of a system should be studied when making changes to existing systems.     

高海拔矿井风机气动噪声数值模拟及实验研究

为研究高海拔矿井风机气动噪声规律,建立小型轴流风机三维物理模型,利用CFD软件对环境气压分别为1,0.9,0.8,0.7,0.6及0.5 atm时的风机模型进行定常模拟、非定常模拟及噪声计算,并通过自主设计的压变实验装置对上述不同环境气压条件下风机转数分别为500,1 000,1 500和2 000 rpm时的风机噪声进行测试,分析风机叶片附近监测点噪声频谱曲线及压变环境风机噪声实验数据,结果表明:风机转数和环境气压是影响风机气动噪声的2个重要因素;环境气压P一定时,风机转数n越大,各频率下的风机气动噪声声压级SPL越大,且风机噪声总声压级Lp和平均声压级Lavg均随风机转数n的增大呈对数函数增加;风机转数n不变时,随着海拔高度的升高,环境气压P降低,各频段下风机气动噪声声压级SPL均将减小,且风机噪声总声压级Lp和平均声压级Lavg随环境气压值P的降低呈线性函数减小,环境气压每降低0.1 atm,二者分别降低1.47和1.29 dB。     

石灰-石膏-粉煤灰水泥浆体的水化机理研究

通过增钙法对粉煤灰水泥浆体的凝结时间、水化放热和力学性能的测定,以及采用差示热重分析、扫描电镜、X射线衍射,研究了在有石灰、石膏时不同掺量粉煤灰水泥浆体的水化机理。结果表明：早期水化性能弱,后期持久。随粉煤灰掺量增加,浆体的凝结时间延长,水化热减少,高掺超过40%时龄期强度下降明显;早期水化产物主要为：大量的水化硅酸钙凝胶(C-S-H）,未水化的硅酸钙（C₃S、 C₂S）,少量的钙矾石（AFt、 AFm）和氢氧化钙Ca(OH)₂,后期在石灰石膏的活性效应和填充效应的激发下,水化产物主要为：Ca(OH)₂、AFm。Ca(OH)₂与AFm及少量的C-S-H填充在水泥孔隙中且相互交联,改善了粉煤灰水泥浆体强度。