Soil metal concentrations and vegetative assemblage structure in an urban brownfield

Anthropogenic sources of toxic elements have had serious ecological and human health impacts. Analysis of the soil samples from a brownfield within Liberty State Park, Jersey City, NJ, USA, showed that arsenic, chromium, lead, zinc and vanadium exist at concentrations above those considered ambient for the area. Accumulation and translocation features were characterized for the dominant plant species of four vegetative assemblages. The trees Betula populifolia and Populus deltoides were found to be accumulating Zn in leaf tissue at extremely high levels. B. populifolia, P. deltoides and Rhus copallinum accumulated Cr primarily in the root tissue. A comparison of soil metal maps and vegetative assemblage maps indicates that areas of increasing total soil metal load were dominated by successional northern hardwoods while semi-emergent marshes consisting mostly of endemic species were restricted primarily to areas of low soil metal load.     

石灰-石膏-粉煤灰水泥浆体的水化机理研究

通过增钙法对粉煤灰水泥浆体的凝结时间、水化放热和力学性能的测定,以及采用差示热重分析、扫描电镜、X射线衍射,研究了在有石灰、石膏时不同掺量粉煤灰水泥浆体的水化机理。结果表明：早期水化性能弱,后期持久。随粉煤灰掺量增加,浆体的凝结时间延长,水化热减少,高掺超过40%时龄期强度下降明显;早期水化产物主要为：大量的水化硅酸钙凝胶(C-S-H）,未水化的硅酸钙（C₃S、 C₂S）,少量的钙矾石（AFt、 AFm）和氢氧化钙Ca(OH)₂,后期在石灰石膏的活性效应和填充效应的激发下,水化产物主要为：Ca(OH)₂、AFm。Ca(OH)₂与AFm及少量的C-S-H填充在水泥孔隙中且相互交联,改善了粉煤灰水泥浆体强度。     

光催化降解刚果红时TiO_2失活机理及再生方法研究

以刚果红作为模拟污染物,研究了Ti O2光催化剂的使用活性、失活及再生问题.Ti O2循环使用1、2、3、4、6、8次后,刚果红脱色率依次为86.0%、83.4%、79.1%、65.1%、46.0%、18.8%;失活Ti O2采用250℃、350℃、450℃、550℃进行焙烧再生,并考察其再生效果;通过SEM、XRD、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)对失活前后及再生Ti O2进行表征,分别分析了光催化剂的表面形态、晶体结构、光学特性及表面物种变化.结果表明:实验条件下,光催化剂反复使用8次后就基本丧失活性;造成Ti O2失活的主要原因,一是Ti O2颗粒的团聚;二是刚果红降解的中间产物,如硫酸盐,硝酸盐及含碳化合物累积在Ti O2表面占据催化剂的活性位,并阻碍光子和底物到达催化剂表面,使其光催化活性逐渐降低;失活Ti O2经最适温度450℃再生后,光催化活性恢复至81.4%.     

Environmental benefits and economic costs of manure incorporation on dairy waste application fields

Model simulations performed representing dairies in a 93000 ha watershed in north central Texas suggest that manure incorporation results in reduced phosphorus (P) losses at relatively small to moderate cost to producers. Simulated manure incorporation with a tandem disk on fields double-cropped with sorghum/winter wheat resulted in up to 33, 45, and 37% reductions in per hectare sediment-bound, soluble, and total P losses in edge-of-field runoff, relative to simulated surface manure applications. The effects of incorporation were evaluated at three different manure application rates. On aggregate across all three manure application rates, significant declines in P losses were obtained with incorporation except for sediment-bound P losses under the N-based manure application rate scenario.We found that the practice of incorporating manure shortly after it has been broadcast on the soil surface could help reduce P losses in such situations where P-based rates alone prove inadequate. The cost the producer incurs when manure is incorporated is on average about 1% of net returns when manure is applied at the N rate and 2-3% when it is applied at alternative P-based rates. In practice the costs could be lower because producers may substitute the manure incorporation operation for a tandem disk operation performed prior to manure application. As more and more dairy producers switch to the use of sorghum and corn silage in dairy rations and consequent on-farm production of these forages, the practice of manure incorporation may help to reduce phosphorus losses resulting from dairy manure applications to fields with these forage crops.     

开封城市河流底泥重金属积累生态风险评价及同位素源解析

分析了开封市不同区位3条代表性河流底泥样品中重金属总量及形态.采用改进的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价了不同区位河流底泥的污染情况.使用MC-ICP-MS分析了Pb、Zn和Cu的稳定同位素组成,并基于此尝试解析底泥中重金属污染来源.结果表明：①开封城市河流底泥各重金属含量均超过环境背景值,重金属污染以Cd最为严重,其次为Zn、Cu、Pb、As、Cr和Ni.位于老工业区的化肥河底泥中重金属的平均含量明显高于老城区和新开发区.②从形态分布来看,开封城市河流底泥重金属Cd和Zn的生物有效态含量最高,具有较高的潜在风险.老工业区河流底泥中重金属的生物有效态含量高于老城区及新开发区.③潜在生态风险评价结果表明,位于老工业区的化肥河底泥重金属污染表现为很强生态风险程度的V等级,位于老城区的黄汴河和新开发区的马家河则均表现为强生态风险程度.④基于Pb-Zn-Cu同位素组成表明,老工业区底泥重金属主要来自工业活动,老城区黄汴河和新开发区马家河重金属主要来自生活污水的排放及城市地表径流.     

黄海海域浒苔属(Enteromorpha)生态特征初探

通过对2008年6月在黄海爆发的大型绿藻(浒苔属)进行实验室培养试验,对其生态特征有了初步了解.结果表明,该藻属广温、广盐性的海洋绿藻,对环境的适应能力和繁殖能力较强.在培养温度范围15～32℃.盐度范嗣5～29之间都能存活,其中水温为23℃,盐度为25和29时,其生长较好.在富营养水体环境中,其生长需要的消耗水中大量的N、P营养盐,并且在当N:P为10:1时生长率达到最大.     

淮河水体取代苯类污染及其生态风险

测定了13种取代苯类污染物、阿特拉津和乙草胺在淮河4个监测断面水、水体沉积物，鲤鱼（Grass Carp）中的浓度，并计算了上述有机污染物的生物富集因子（BAF）和生物沉积物浓缩因子（BSAF）。同时通过在现场放置的三油酸酯半渗透膜采样器（SPMD）研究，发现上述污染物在SPMD中的浓度和在鲤鱼脂肪或沉积物有机质中的浓度之间有显著相关性，因此，提出利用SPMD得到的三油酸酯沉积物富集因子（TSAF）来代替BSAF，用于沉积物污染生态风险评价。在怕检测的污染物中，影响水体水质的主要是2，4－二硝基苯，六氯苯，阿特拉津，采样断面中蚌埠的生态风险最大。     

Rayleigh波入射下建筑群-隧道群相互作用特性研究∗

采用一种高精度间接边界元方法(IBEM),研究了 Rayleigh 波入射下地上建筑群?地铁隧道群的动力响应。研究发现：地上建筑群与邻近地铁隧道群之间存在显著的相互作用,系统响应规律与入射波的频率、建筑物的数量与高度、隧道数量和位置等因素密切相关。参数分析表明：考虑不同因素影响后,地面运动幅值最大可放大约 25%。 当入射波频率较低时,地上建筑群结构顶部位移幅值会较单一建筑顶部位移幅值显著降低,这尤其体现在位于建筑群中部的建筑响应中,最大可降低约 88%;当入射波频率较大时,这一现象变得不再明显。高频入射波作用下, 地上建筑群与地铁隧道群的相互作用会使隧道衬砌产生较大环向应力,其峰值可较单一地上建筑的情况放大约 60%。     

Characterization of carbonaceous combustion residues. I. Morphological,elemental and spectroscopic features

Scanning electron microscopy, surface area determination, elemental analysis, organic matter extraction and solid-state cross polarization/magic angle spinning and Bloch decay/magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to investigate distinctive features among carbonaceous combustion residues. Black carbon (BC) samples included diesel soot, urban dust, carbon black, chimney soot, vegetation fire residues, wood and straw charcoals. Particles varied from small spheres (<50 nm) in fossil BC (>100 m(2)/g), to large layered structures in plant-derived BC (generally <8 m(2)/g). Chimney soot also included large (>1 micrometer) liquid-like structures, while spherules >100 nm were unique to urban dust. The ratios of amorphous to soot carbon (SC) (isolated by thermal degradation) were not necessarily correlated with the degree of aromaticity estimated from H/C ratios. In particular, values of SC in diesel soot were clearly overestimated. Solvent-extractable organic matter (SEOM) was <2% for charcoals and carbon black, but >13% for urban dust, chimney and diesel soot. SEOM is thought to clog pores or to form large waxy globules, hence reducing surface areas. The ratio of polar/nonpolar SEOM was generally <7 for fossil BC, but >30 for plant-derived BC. NMR analysis revealed essentially one chemical shift in the aromatic C region of charcoals, while diesel soot also showed important aliphatic contributions. Aliphatic and oxygenated C predominated over aryl C in urban dust and chimney soot. These morphological and chemical characteristics of the BC samples are discussed in terms of their environmental implications.     

2022年泸定MS6.8地震发震断裂的浅表结构

鲜水河断裂磨西段于2022年9月5日发生M_S6.8地震,并于10月22日发生M_S5.0余震。深入研究该地震发震构造的浅表结构对于分析其强震破裂与传播特征及该地区未来的强震活动趋势具有重要意义。通过高密度电法勘探、无人机高分辨率遥感解译、大比例尺地质地貌填图与地表调查等方法,结合泸定M_S6.8地震同震变形特征,对鲜水河断裂磨西段的浅表结构特征开展了研究。鲜水河断裂磨西段平面上包括多个分支,主断裂产状近直立,各次级断裂兼具正断、逆冲性质,断裂破碎带宽度约130m。泸定M_S6.8地震中,鲜水河断裂磨西段沿线同震变形特征明显,多处可见地表垂直断错、逆冲隆起和左旋位错。研究表明,2022年泸定M_S6.8地震发震断裂的浅表结构整体表现为“陡倾角、多分支、电性差异明显、基岩破碎且物性差异大”的复杂特征,这种浅表结构的特殊性可能直接影响着此次强震的同震地表破裂过程。