提取剂pH对沉积物释放金属的影响

本文研究了不同提取剂pH变化对从沉积物中释放金属浓度的影响.结果表明:沉积物中所释放的金属浓度随提取剂pH增加而减少,当pH为1.0时,相同的提取条件下,各种提取剂提取所获得的金属浓度相近.同时也研究了在所选择的提取液中沉积物对金属离子的吸附作用,发现沉积物对所加金属离子有明显的吸附作用.结果强烈地支持在实际对沉积物样品提取过程中存在着再吸附作用和提取剂的pH将对从沉积物中释放金属浓度起重要控制作用. 拟定了沉积物中三步连续提取的方法,即把沉积物金属结合态分为无机态(酸可提取态)、有机(包括硫化物)态和残渣态,并与Tessier的连续提取法进行比较.发现在非残渣态中二种方法的金属释放量类似,但三步连续提取法具有简单,快速和低消耗等优点.     

白洋淀府河沿线水样毒性及其与污染物类型的关系

对白洋淀府河沿线水样进行了多种生物毒性测试，并用柱色层分离方法连续去除水中阳离子、阴离子和有机物后以斜生栅藻和发光菌为指标，鉴定了所采集水样毒性的产生原因。认为府河水样主要被对斜生栅藻生长有促进作用的营养物质污染，同时伴有轻度亲脂污染物的抑制作用。     

Prison construction and guarding behaviour by European honeybees is dependent on inmate small hive beetle density

Increasing small hive beetle (Aethina tumida Murray) density changes prison construction and guarding behaviour in European honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). These changes include more guard bees per imprisoned beetle and the construction of more beetle prisons at the higher beetle density. Despite this, the number of beetles per prison (inmate density) did not change. Beetles solicited food more actively at the higher density and at night. In response, guard bees increased their aggressive behaviour towards beetle prisoners but did not feed beetles more at the higher density. Only 5% of all beetles were found among the combs at the low density but this percentage increased five-fold at the higher one. Successful comb infiltration (and thus reproduction) by beetles is a possible explanation for the significant damage beetles cause to European honeybee colonies in the USA.     

原位生态净化集成系统对二级生化尾水的处理效果

为研究原位生态净化技术对微污染河水的净化效果,选择某硬质纳污河道作为研究对象,以二级生化尾水作为水源,考察生态河床-生态滤坝集成系统对水质的净化情况。结果表明:在水力负荷为5 m/d条件下,集成系统对二级生化尾水中COD、NH~+_4-N、TP和TN的平均去除率分别为26.26%、16.09%、11.48%和10.15%;与常规人工湿地相比,虽然集成系统在去除率方面较差,但在去除污染物总量方面具有一定优势。集成系统中生态河床和生态滤坝对COD、NH~+_4-N、TP、TN污染物去除总量的贡献率分别为14%、34%、60%、44%和86%、66%、40%、56%。通过在生态河床中合理搭配种植植物类型,以及在生态滤坝中添加具有缓释碳源功能的净水基质,能够增强净水效果,进一步提高生态河床和生态滤坝在集成系统中去除污染物的贡献率。     

积极创新生态环境价格机制 加速甘肃绿色发展转型

生态环境价格机制的本质是在市场经济体系中充分体现生态环境作为资源属性的价值,是实现绿色发展的核心政策之一,更是深入推动生态文明建设的重要组成部分。近年来,甘肃省制定和实施了一系列生态环境价格政策,并初步取得了一定成效,但是仍然存在环境价格税费政策不完善、生态环境价格形成机制不健全等问题,难以有效支撑甘肃省作为国家西部生态安全屏障的战略定位以及环境质量达标的需要。本文在系统评估甘肃省生态环境价格政策实施现状的基础上,结合甘肃省生态文明建设需要,提出了甘肃省生态环境价格机制建立的基本思路、重点任务和实施对策。     

Restoring native fish assemblages to a regulated California stream using the natural flow regime concept

We examined the response of fishes to establishment of a new flow regime in lower Putah Creek, a regulated stream in California, U.S.A. The new flow regime was designed to mimic the seasonal timing of natural increases and decreases in stream flow. We monitored fish assemblages annually at six sample sites distributed over approximately 30 km of stream for eight years before and nine years after the new flow regime was implemented. Our purpose was to determine whether more natural stream flow patterns would reestablish native fishes and reduce the abundances of alien (nonnative) fishes. At the onset of our study, native fishes were constrained to habitat immediately (<1 km) below the diversion dam, and alien species were numerically dominant at all downstream sample sites. Following implementation of the new flow regime, native fishes regained dominance across more than 20 km of lower Putah Creek. We propose that the expansion of native fishes was facilitated by creation of favorable spawning and rearing conditions (e.g., elevated springtime flows), cooler water temperatures, maintenance of lotic (flowing) conditions over the length of the creek, and displacement of alien species by naturally occurring high-discharge events. Importantly, restoration of native fishes was achieved by manipulating stream flows at biologically important times of the year and only required a small increase in the total volume of water delivered downstream (i.e., water that was not diverted for other uses) during most water years. Our results validate that natural flow regimes can be used to effectively manipulate and manage fish assemblages in regulated rivers.     

Asymmetric competition via induced resistance: specialist herbivores indirectly suppress generalist preference and populations

Species may compete indirectly by altering the traits of a shared resource. For example, herbivore-induced responses in plants may make plants more resistant or susceptible to additional herbivorous insect species. Herbivore-induced plant responses can significantly affect interspecific competition and herbivore population dynamics. These herbivore-herbivore indirect interactions have been overlooked in aquatic ecosystems where previous studies used the same herbivore species to induce changes and to assess the effects of these changes. We asked whether seaweed grazing by one of two herbivorous, congeneric snail species (Littorina obtusata or Littorina littorea) with different feeding strategies and preferences would affect subsequent feeding preferences of three herbivore species (both snails and the isopod Idotea baltica) and population densities of three herbivore species (both snails and a third periwinkle snail, Lacuna vincta). In addition, we measured phlorotannin concentrations to test the hypothesis that these metabolites function as induced defenses in the Phaeophyceae. Snail herbivory induced cue-specific responses in apical tissues of the seaweed Fucus vesiculosus that affected the three herbivore species similarly. When compared to ungrazed controls, direct grazing by Littorina obtusata reduced seaweed palatability by at least 52% for both snail species and the isopod species. In contrast, direct grazing by L. littorea did not decrease seaweed palatability for any herbivore, indicating herbivore-specific responses. Previous grazing by L. obtusata reduced populations of L. littorea on outplanted seaweeds by 46% but had no effect on L. obtusata populations. Phlorotannins, a potential class of inducible chemicals in brown algae, were not more concentrated in grazed seaweed tissues, suggesting that some other trait was responsible for the induced resistance. Our results indicate that marine herbivores may compete via inducible responses in shared seaweeds. These plant-mediated interactions were asymmetric with a specialist (L. obtusata) competitively superior to a generalist (L. littorea).     

Phenotypic plasticity of native vs. invasive purple loosestrife: a two-state multivariate approach

The differences in phenotypic plasticity between invasive (North American) and native (German) provenances of the invasive plant Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) were examined using a multivariate reaction norm approach testing two important attributes of reaction norms described by multivariate vectors of phenotypic change: the magnitude and direction of mean trait differences between environments. Data were collected for six life history traits from native and invasive plants using a split-plot design with experimentally manipulated water and nutrient levels. We found significant differences between native and invasive plants in multivariate phenotypic plasticity for comparisons between low and high water treatments within low nutrient levels, between low and high nutrient levels within high water treatments, and for comparisons that included both a water and nutrient level change. The significant genotype x environment (G x E) effects support the argument that invasiveness of purple loosestrife is closely associated with the interaction of high levels of soil nutrient and flooding water regime. Our results indicate that native and invasive plants take different strategies for growth and reproduction; native plants flowered earlier and allocated more to flower production, while invasive plants exhibited an extended period of vegetative growth before flowering to increase height and allocation to clonal reproduction, which may contribute to increased fitness and invasiveness in subsequent years.     

Estimating species-specific survival and movement when species identification is uncertain

Incorporating uncertainty in the investigation of ecological studies has been the topic of an increasing body of research. In particular, mark-recapture methodology has shown that incorporating uncertainty in the probability of detecting individuals in populations enables accurate estimation of population-level processes such as survival, reproduction, and dispersal. Recent advances in mark-recapture methodology have included estimating population-level processes for biologically important groups despite the misassignment of individuals to those groups. Examples include estimating rates of apparent survival despite less than perfect accuracy when identifying individuals to gender or breeding state. Here we introduce a method for estimating apparent survival and dispersal in species that co-occur but that are difficult to distinguish. We use data from co-occurring populations of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and montane voles (M. montanus) in addition to simulated data to show that ignoring species uncertainty can lead to biased estimates of population processes. The incorporation of species uncertainty in mark-recapture studies should aid future research investigating ecological concepts such as interspecific competition, niche differentiation, and spatial population dynamics in sibling species.     

Mycorrhizal species differentially alter plant growth and response to herbivory

Plants simultaneously interact with multiple organisms which can both positively and negatively affect their growth. Herbivores can reduce plant growth through loss of plant biomass and photosynthetic area, while plant mutualists, such as mycorrhizal fungi, can increase plant growth through uptake of essential nutrients. This is the first study examining whether species-specific associations with mycorrhizal fungi alter plant tolerance to herbivory. We grew Plantago lanceolata plants with three species of mycorrhizal fungi previously shown to have differential impacts on plant growth and subjected them to herbivory by the specialist lepidopteran herbivore, Junonia coenia. Association with mycorrhizal fungus Glomus white provided the greatest growth benefit but did not alter plant response to herbivory. Alternatively, association with Archaeospora trappei provided less growth promotion but did lead to tolerance to herbivory in the form of an increased growth rate. Finally, an association with the fungus Scutellospora calospora led to neither plant growth promotion nor tolerance to herbivory. In fact, an association with S. calospora appeared to reduce plant tolerance to herbivory. An association with all three species of mycorrhizae resulted in a pattern of growth similar to that of plants grown only with Glomus white, suggesting that growth promotion by multiple mycorrhizal species is driven by the inclusion of a "super fungus," in this case, Glomus white. This work illustrates that plant response to herbivory depends upon the mycorrhizal fungal mutualist with which a plant is associated.