基于采煤塌陷成湖区分析沉积物中铁锰分布特征及随季节变化规律

为分析采煤塌陷成湖区的沉积物的铁锰含量和碱性磷酸酶活性随时间变化规律,对其环湖设20个采样点进行采样测量。结果表明,采煤塌陷成湖区的沉积物的Fe含量在0.061~1.731 mg/g范围内变化,夏季和秋季较高,冬季最低;采煤塌陷成湖区的沉积物的Mn含量在0.012~0.911 mg/g范围内变化,冬季含量最低,秋季含量最高;采煤塌陷成湖区的沉积物的碱性磷酸酶活性在53.15~560.03 mg/(kg·h)范围内变化,夏秋季较高,冬春季较低,在不同季节与Mn含量均存在正相关关系。第一层的铁锰含量以及碱性磷酸酶活性都较高,说明人类活动对采煤塌陷成湖区有较大的影响。     

Overview on LFG projects in China

Since the first landfill gas (LFG) power plant in China was built in 1998, by now more than 10 years have passed. In this period the LFG utilization process has progressed greatly in China. An overall review of the process is presented in this paper, which includes the background of policies, the information about the approval procedure of LFG projects, and the theoretical methods used to estimate the amount of LFG’s generation. Detailed analysis on the project practice, such as LFG collection techniques, LFG utilization condition in China, is made. According to statistic data, before the end of 2008, 26 LFG power projects have been built and put into operation with total power capacity around 56.8 MW, and 2.234 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent abatement has been achieved annually by all of these LFG projects. The future of LFG industry in China is expected that there is still considerable developing space for LFG utilization in the near coming years, however after 2012, the progress speed may slow down because of some adverse aspects, such as available landfill resource becomes scarce, new laws implemented in China might exclude Chinese landfills from future CDM activities, etc.     

半敞开式隧道不同季节火灾时的烟气扩散数值模拟研究

运用FDS(Fire Dynamic Simulation)火灾模拟软件对半敞开式隧道不同环境温度着火时烟气扩散情况进行模拟,得到隧道内温度和CO浓度的变化特征及烟气纵向蔓延规律和沉降规律.结果表明,隧道采用自然通风能起到很好的排烟效果.火源正上方产生的高温对隧道顶棚结构具有较大的威胁,但火源附近安全高度处烟气温度迅速降到环境温度,不会对人员安全疏散构成威胁.冬季烟气沉降比其他季节严重,但在300 s内没有降到安全高度1.8m以下,对人员逃生影响较小.     

Bioconcentration of cadmium in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in relation to thiol group content

To study the bioconcentration of cadmium in water hyacinth, the plants were exposed to water containing 2 microg Cd2+/ml for extended periods of time. Three strains from several exposures during a 30-day period were sampled for the analyses of cadmium and thiol group. The data showed that the plant concentrates cadmium mainly in the roots and that the cadmium uptake is proportional to the increase of the thiol group content. The latter suggests the possibility of using the thiol group content to assess the bioconcentration of heavy metal ions in water hyacinth and as a general parameter for monitoring the heavy metal pollution of water. A simple two-compartmental model was used to simulate the kinetics of cadmium uptake. The calculated bioconcentration factor matches the one derived directly from experimental data, indicating the adequacy of the model.     

基于AERONET的中国地区典型站点气溶胶类型变化特征

基于AERONET网站中多个站点2006~2018年的观测数据,利用气溶胶光学厚度和气溶胶相对光学厚度,对中国华北北京、华东太湖、华南香港、西北SACOL多个站点的气溶胶进行分类,研究了中国地区典型站点气溶胶类型的时空变化特征.结果表明,我国华北、华南、华东区域站点以大陆型和城市工业型气溶胶为主,西北区域站点以大陆型气溶胶为主.气溶胶类型占比存在明显的年际变化,我国华北、华东区域站点大陆型气溶胶占比总体呈上升趋势,次大陆型溶胶占比呈下降趋势,其中华东区域站点年际变化较为突出,大陆型气溶胶占比年均上升2.78%,城市工业型气溶胶占比年均下降1.86%;华南区域站点大陆型气溶胶占比年均上升0.78%,且城市工业型气溶胶占比年均下降0.66%;而西北区域作为沙尘的主要源区,沙尘气溶胶变化最为显著,占比年均上升0.51%.我国不同区域气溶胶类型季节变化差异较大,春季华北、华东、西北区域均出现沙尘气溶胶,且西北区域尤为突出（占比19%）;华北区域城市工业型和大陆型气溶胶占比分别在夏、冬两季出现大值,华东区域城市工业型气溶胶在夏、秋两季占比较高,华南区域城市工业型气溶胶在春季占比最多（57%）,西北区域大陆型气溶胶在夏、秋两季占比高达83%.     

通风量对有机废弃物生物干化的影响

通过有机废弃物生物干化实验,研究了通风量对生物干化效果的影响。实验以果蔬、厨余和园林垃圾几种典型有机废弃物作为原料,设置3个梯度的通风量,对其温度、含水率和有机质含量变化对比发现:通风量会显著影响生化干化指数、空气利用率以及干化后物料的低位热值。低通风量下温度升高明显,且空气利用率较高,但携带水汽能力较弱,难以有效带走物料水分;高通风量下难以维持高温,热量损失较大,但物料最终含水率最低。当通风量为48 L/（kg·h）时,果蔬与园林协同干化的最终含水率能降低到13.97%,生物干化指数为2.34,物料的低位热值最终达到13932 kJ/kg,较初始热值提升了322%,能够基本满足制备垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）的条件,且能够在相对更低的能耗下提高生物干化效果。     

Natural continuous influent nitrifier immigration effects on nitrification and the microbial community of activated sludge systems

Two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated for 100 days under aerobic conditions, with one being fed with unsterilized municipal wastewater (USBR), and the other fed with sterilized municipal wastewater (SSBR). Respirometric assays and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results show that active nitrifiers were present in the unsterilized influent municipal wastewater. The maximum ammonia utilization rate (AUR) and nitrite utilization rate (NUR) of the unsterilized influent were 0.32 ± 0.12 mg NH4+-N/(L·hr) and 0.71 ± 0.18 mg NO2?-N/(L·hr). Based on the maximum utilization rates, the estimated seeding intensity for the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) of the USBR was 0.08 g AOB/(g AOB·day) and 0.20 g NOB/(g NOB·day) respectively. The fraction of nitrifiers/total bacteria in the influent was 5.35% ± 2.1%, the dominant AOB was Nitrosomonas spp., Nitrosococcus mobilis hybridizated with Nsm156, and the dominant NOB was Nitrospira hybridizated with Ntspa662. The influent nitrifiers potentially seeded the activated sludge of the bioreactor and hence demonstrated a mitigation of the acclimatization times and instability during start-up and early operation. The AUR and NUR in the USBR was 15% and 13% higher than the SSBR respectively during the stable stage, FISH results showed that nitrifiers population especially the Nitrospira in the USBR was higher than that in the SSBR. These results indicate that the natural continuous immigration of nitrifiers from municipal influent streams may have some repercussions on the modeling and design of bioreactors.     

考虑面源污染的农业开发流域生态安全评价研究

随着农业开发的进程,流域生态安全会发生相应变化,在考虑面源污染的基础上,以挠力河为例开展该研究.该流域14年来的土地利用类型发生较大变迁,耕作方式改变,破坏了流域的生态安全,同时大量农药化肥的使用,使得大量氮、磷为主的营养污染物引发农业面源污染,面源污染将成为生态安全评价的一项重要指标.为了对农业面源污染进行量化,对生境质量进行直观评价,考虑面源污染做出流域生态安全的变化评估,选取SWAT模型和InVEST模型（生态系统服务和交易的综合评估模型）,同时考虑面源污染及生境质量,对比挠力河流域2000年、2006年、2014年三个年份的生态安全变化.根据输出结果,分析时空变化模式,得到氮磷负荷、生态环境质量对时空变化的响应,讨论提出有效的防控建议.     

基于卫星遥感中国甲醛的时空分布及影响因子

基于OMIHCHO数据日产品,对2016年全国甲醛柱浓度数据进行了提取分析,并结合全国各省市温度、降雨量、植被覆盖度、人类活动等数据,在空间上与甲醛柱浓度做了相关性分析.结果表明：我国甲醛柱浓度空间分布极不平衡,呈现出东部及东南部地区甲醛柱浓度值普遍较高,而我国的西部及西北部地区表现出较低值;甲醛柱浓度月均值最低为8.31×10¹⁵molec/cm²,出现在10月份,最高为11.87×10¹⁵molec/cm²,出现在6月份,如果按照季节划分甲醛柱浓度均值,夏季 > 春季 > 冬季 > 秋季;从气象因子与甲醛柱浓度相关性分析结果来看,温度与甲醛柱浓度之间的相关性更为密切,但表现出空间上的差异性,此外,雨水对甲醛有一定的消除作用,但也在空间上有差异;由植被与甲醛柱浓度相关性结果来看,植被主要对东部及东南部地区甲醛柱浓度影响作用明显.甲醛柱浓度与各省市的地区生产总值、各产业增加值、机动车保有量的变化也存在着明显的相关性,而各产业增加值中工业与其相关性最高,说明工业排放和汽车尾气也是甲醛的主要来源.     

1987～2015年嘉陵江源区植被覆盖度时空变化特征

江河源头地区植被建设与生态保护意义重大。应用遥感技术分析植被覆盖状况近年来已渐成热点。本文以嘉陵江源头所在地陕西省宝鸡市凤县为研究区,基于1987年、2000年和2015年3期Landsat卫星遥感影像,提取归一化植被指数NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）,采用像元二分模型,运用ENVI 5.3和ArcGIS10.4软件计算得到研究区植被覆盖度分布格局及动态变化。结果表明：（1）1987~2015年期间研究区植被以高覆盖区为主,高覆盖区面积增加了5.96%,呈上升趋势;（2）研究区植被退化面积占3.91%,基本不变的面积占85.36%,改善面积占10.73%,研究区植被改善面积多于退化面积,与退耕还林还草工程关系密切;（3）植被覆盖度随坡度和高程的增大呈先增加后降低的趋势;阴坡的植被覆盖度低于阳坡,但高于平地,坡向对植被覆盖的影响主要体现在温度上;（4）矿产资源开发对植被破坏的影响大于风力发电场建设,建议当地政府加强矿山生态环境修复力度。研究结果可服务于嘉陵江源区生态保护与流域管理。