天津市能源消费的能值生态足迹与能源管理

随着我国城市化进程的加快,城市能源供需矛盾日益突出,城市节能降碳工作迫在眉睫.为缓解城市能源危机,对城市的能源消费和能源管理提供决策依据,本文运用基于能值改进的生态足迹模型,对天津市2000-2008年能源消费的能值生态足迹进行时间序列的测度分析,并在此基础上对天津市能源消费的碳排放结构的动态变化趋势进行分析.结果表明,9年间,天津市能源消费的能值生态承载力缓慢增长,从2000年的0.109 hun2/人增加到2008年的0.234hm2/人,而能值生态足迹增长迅速,从0.357 hm2/人增加到0.491hm2/人,人均生态赤字从0.248 hm2/人扩大到0.257 hm2/人,万元GDP生态足迹从0.210 hm2/人下降到0.091 hm2/人.随着天津市能源消费的增加,能源消费的碳排放量从2000年的2.828t/人增加到2008年的3.971 t/人,碳排放强度从1.664 t/万元降低到0.735t/万元.表明天津市在近9年的发展中,能源消费已经远超过承载力水平,碳排放量不断增加,能源消费的不可持续性已经威胁着天津市经济社会发展.针对天津市能源消费的能值生态足迹和碳排放分析结果,提出了促进能源可持续消费模式形成的对策措施,包括调整能源消费结构、降低能源强度、调整经济结构、鼓励可再生能源利用等.     

Selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution by triolein-embedded composite adsorbent

A novel composite adsorbent (CA-T) was used for the selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was composed of the supporting activated carbon and the surrounding triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption isotherms and fluorescence methods were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of CA-T. Triolein was perfectly embedded in the cellulose acetate membrane and deposited on the surface of activated carbon. The adsorbent was stable in water and no triolein leakage was detected during the test periods. Some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as dieldrin, endrin, aldrin, and heptachlor epoxide, were used as model contaminants and removed by CA-T in laboratory batch experiments. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich equation and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order reaction model. Results also indicated that CA-T appeared to be a promising adsorbent with good selectivity and satisfactory removal rate for lipophilic OCPs from aqueous solutions when present in trace amounts. The adsorption rate and removal efficiency for lipophilic OCPs were positively related to their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K(ow)). Lower residual concentrations of OCPs were achieved when compared to granular activated carbon (GAC).     

Effect of preozonation on the characteristic transformation of fulvic acid and its subsequent trichloromethane formation potential: presence or absence of bicarbonate

The effects of bicarbonate on the characteristic transformation of fulvic acid (FA) and its subsequent trichloromethane formation potential (TCMFP) were investigated in the process of preozonation. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal rate and the residual aqueous ozone concentration during preozonation were measured with different bicarbonate concentration. The presence of bicarbonate inhibited DOC removal and decreased TCMFP yields in the initial oxidation period. In order to explain these phenomena, the molecular weight (MW) distribution (<5, 5-10, 10-30, and >30 kDa) and corresponding TCMFP were investigated for FA and its subsequent oxidation products. Furthermore, transformation of molecular structure, based on MW distribution, was also characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum. Bicarbonate showed different inhibiting effects on TCMFP of organic species with different MW, and more significant TCMFP decrement was observed for the high MW fraction (>30 kDa) than for the low MW fractions. Preozonation led to obvious reduction on DOC and UV254 in most of MW fractions wherever bicarbonate was present or not, demonstrating that ozone contributed to both organics mineralization and structure variation, synchronously. As being indicated from the results of FTIR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the functional groups such as alcohols, epoxides and phenols, the formation of which was promoted with hydroxyl radicals (.OH) and would be remarkably inhibited by bicarbonate, were responsible for the increment of TCM precursor's concentration during ozonation. Results of these studies confirmed low dosage bicarbonate affecting the ozonation pathways, influencing the intermediate species formation and impacting its subsequent TCMFP yields through inhibiting the .OH radicals reactions mainly occurred in high MW fractions.     

Environmental study of two significant solid samples: gravitation dust sediment and soil

In this work are presented results of the complex study of two significant solid environmental samples: gravitation dust sediments (industrial pollutants, potential source of risk elements input to soils) and soils (component of the environment, potential source of risk elements input to food web). The first phase of this study was focused on the study of the significant chemical properties (phase composition, content of organic and inorganic carbon) of the dust and soil samples. In the second phase, the fractionation analysis was used on the evaluation of the mobility of chosen risk elements (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the studied samples. The single-step extractions were applied in the order of the isolation of the element forms (fractions), with different mobilities during defined ecological conditions by utilization of the following reagents: 1 mol dm^− 3 NH₄NO₃ for isolation of the “mobile” fraction, 0.05 mol dm^− 3 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.43 mol dm^− 3 CH₃COOH for isolation of the “mobilizable” fraction, and 2 mol dm^− 3 HNO₃ for isolation of all releasable forms. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it is possible to state that different origins and positions of solid environmental samples in the environment reflect in different chemical properties of their matrix. The different properties of the sample matrix result in different mobilities of risk elements in these kinds of samples. The fractionation analysis with single-step extraction for isolation element fractions is the method most suitable for easy checking of environmental pollution and for evaluation of risk elements cycle in the environment.     

社会服务类项目环评中的景观评价初探

叙述了思茅目前开展景观影响评价的情况和意义，提出了景观影响评价的基本概念、步骤、内容和方法，介绍了一种较为简便、实用的用于景观影响评价的定量方法。     

区域环境-经济系统物质流与能流分析方法及实证研究

物质和能量流动是环境-经济系统正常运行的基本条件,研究原料、能源转化为产品和废弃物的代谢过程及环境影响,对于提高资源生产力,从根本上解决资源环境问题至关重要。参考区域物质流分析和能流分析方法,提出了区域物质流与能流分析的概念和研究框架,并对天津市1998-2007年间的物质流和能量流进行了实证研究。结果显示:2007年天津市物质消耗为97.25×10⁶ t,能源消耗为47.15×10⁶ tce,年均增长率分别超过10%和8%;外部调入物质约占直接物质输入量的46%,其中煤炭占了约40%,且完全依赖外部调入;资源消耗强度较高、产出率较低,导致资源大量消耗、污染物排放总量持续增长,这对区域资源环境产生了较大压力,环境容量总体处于饱和状态。最后针对存在的问题提出了相应措施与建议。     

活性污泥对混合阳离子染料的吸附研究

用活性污泥对阳离子染料亚甲蓝和孔雀石绿的混合染料进行吸附研究,考察了染料摩尔比、离子浓度、污泥投加量对污泥吸附混合染料的影响,并用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对吸附数据进行了拟合.结果表明,污泥对混合染料的吸附符合假二级反应动力学;污泥可提供吸附点位的多少决定污泥对混合染料的吸附量;污泥对混合染料的吸附等温式与Freundlich方程拟合良好;染料摩尔比对混合染料的去除有一定影响,2种染料按照不同比例混合后,混合染料的去除率介于2种单组分染料的去除率之间;硫酸钠小于300 mg/L时,离子浓度增加对染料的去除有促进作用,高于300 mg/L后促进作用逐渐减弱,超过600 mg/L后混合染料去除率趋于稳定,不受硫酸钠浓度的影响.     

冬季南京城区气溶胶化学组分和吸湿性观测

大气气溶胶的吸湿特性改变了颗粒物的粒径、光学性质、云凝结核活性,进而对大气能见度、地面辐射强迫和人体健康产生重要影响.针对长三角腹地城市南京重污染天气频发现象,笔者使用吸湿串联电迁移差分分析仪(H-TDMA)结合在线气体组分及气溶胶监测系统(MARGA)和相关气象数据对冬季南京城区气溶胶吸湿增长特性进行外场观测研究.结...     

江苏省淮安市赵集镇旅游开发战略研究

乡镇旅游开发战略决定着乡镇旅游的发展成败。从分析旅游开发战略环境、确立战略指导思想、构建战略原则、确定开发战略定位、落实战略重点、推进战略措施、设置战略项目等方面论述了江苏省淮安市赵集镇的旅游开发战略模式。     

通风量对有机废弃物生物干化的影响

通过有机废弃物生物干化实验,研究了通风量对生物干化效果的影响。实验以果蔬、厨余和园林垃圾几种典型有机废弃物作为原料,设置3个梯度的通风量,对其温度、含水率和有机质含量变化对比发现:通风量会显著影响生化干化指数、空气利用率以及干化后物料的低位热值。低通风量下温度升高明显,且空气利用率较高,但携带水汽能力较弱,难以有效带走物料水分;高通风量下难以维持高温,热量损失较大,但物料最终含水率最低。当通风量为48 L/(kg·h)时,果蔬与园林协同干化的最终含水率能降低到13. 97%,生物干化指数为2. 34,物料的低位热值最终达到13932 kJ/kg,较初始热值提升了322%,能够基本满足制备垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)的条件,且能够在相对更低的能耗下提高生物干化效果。