陕西省甲醛柱浓度时空变化及影响因子分析

基于Aura-OMI传感器L2-V003甲醛日产品数据,分析陕西省2010~2018年对流层的甲醛柱浓度时空分布特征,并结合自然和人为因素等进行探讨,结果表明：研究区9年间甲醛柱浓度年际均值呈波动上升趋势,空间分布上关中地区向南北两侧递减.最小值出现在2017年,为9.45×10¹⁵molec/cm²;最高值出现在2018年,为17.40×10¹⁵molec/cm²,年均值为12.82×10¹⁵molec/cm²,季节均值水平为：夏季 > 冬季 > 秋季 > 春季,其中秋季波动性最大,春季最小.月均值幅度较大,呈周期性现象.甲醛浓度稳定性沿秦岭山脉向南北两侧递减;风向、气温和降水等自然因素均对甲醛空间分布产生重要影响,以汉中市为主,植被覆盖度与甲醛呈正相关区域,房屋建筑竣工面积、工业废气排放量、汽车保有量及大气传输等也是引起甲醛浓度变化的重要因素,针对不同区域时空分布特征结合自然、社会因素的相关性分析,提出合理性建议.     

石家庄地下水中喹诺酮类抗生素生态风险及其与环境因子的相关性

国内外地下水抗生素的研究主要集中于抗生素的污染特征,而较少关注地下水中抗生素的生态风险及其与环境因子的相关性.鉴于此,选取石家庄市地下水环境为研究对象,应用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（HPLC-MS）分析地下水中典型抗生素——喹诺酮类（QNs）浓度,研究QNs抗生素的生态风险,并建立QNs浓度与典型环境因子的相关性.结果表明：①石家庄地下水中QNs抗生素以环丙沙星（CIP）、依诺沙星（ENO）和氟甲喹（FLU）为主,其检出率分别为75.0%、80.0%和100%;②QNs抗生素浓度范围为3.02~98.5 ng·L^-1;就空间分布而言,QNs浓度在S4处最高（98.5 ng·L^-1）,而在S19处最低（3.02 ng·L^-1）;③相关性分析结果表明,温度（T）、化学需氧量（COD）、总溶解固体（TDS）、菌落总数（BCTC）和pH与QNs相关性显著（P<0.01或P<0.05）;④就生态风险的空间分布特征而言,S4为高风险区,其余各点为中低风险区;就QNs抗生素种类而言,除CIP处于中高风险水平,其余QNs处于中低风险水平.鉴于此,为了保障石家庄地下水环境安全,需进一步加强地下水中抗生素的风险管控.     

城市污水量短时预测的混沌神经网络模型

通过分析进水水量时间序列的非线性动力学性质,认为该时间序列具有混沌特性.在此基础上,通过相空间重构的方法建立了用于城市污水水量短时预测的混沌神经网络模型;并利用此模型对污水厂的进水水量进行短时预测,取得了较为满意的预测效果.     

天津东南部某区域不同土地利用方式下土壤重金属的累积特征

为分析天津东南部某区域不同土地利用方式下土壤中重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、V、Zn、Hg)的累积程度,在该研究区工业用地、居住用地和农业用地3种土地利用方式下的土壤表层采集样品进行重金属含量分析,并运用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对重金属累积状况进行评价。结果显示,在工业用地土壤中累积程度较高的重金属为Cd、As、Co、Ni和Zn,在居住用地中为Cd、As、Co、Zn和Pb,而农业用地土壤为Cd、As、Co和Zn。研究区土壤重金属状况总体表现为Cd为重度累积,As为中度累积,Co、Cu、Pb、Ni、V和Zn为轻度累积,Cr和Hg基本处于背景值水平。土壤重金属内梅罗综合指数评价结果表明,研究区大部分地区的土壤重金属累积程度都达到中度及以上水平,内梅罗综合指数平均值由高到低依次为农业用地、工业用地和居住用地。与国内其他地区相比,该研究区Cd、As和Co累积程度明显偏高。     

施氮水平对小麦-玉米轮作体系氨挥发与氧化亚氮排放的影响

试验采用密闭室间歇通气法研究华北平原冬小麦（Triticum aestivum Linneaus）-夏玉米（Zea mays Linneaus）轮作体系在不同施氮水平下农田氨挥发和N2O排放。结果表明：冬小麦季和夏玉米季的氨挥发速率与N2O排放通量呈现出季节性动态变化,且随着施氮量的增加而增加,均在施肥后第2~3天出现峰值。玉米季氨挥发量和N2O排放量均高于小麦季,分别占整个轮作周期气态损失的53.5%~68.9%和54.7%~82.3%。轮作体系中氨挥发净损失量（以N计）为4.28~31.31 kg.hm-2,占施氮量的3.17%~5.80%;N2O净排放损失量（以N计）为50.95~1051.03 g.hm-2,占施氮量的比例为0.04%~0.23%。因此,施氮量是影响冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系气态损失重要因素,且夏玉米季是控制控制气态损失的关键时期。     

One-pot synthesis of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalyst and its highly efficient performance for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxide with ammonia

Series of Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts with different Fe loading content were synthesized by simple one-pot strategy. The obtained catalysts were subjected to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ and were characterized by various techniques. The results show that Fe_0.63/Cu_1.50-SSZ-13 catalyst with proper Fe content exhibits excellent catalytic activity with widest operation temperature window from 160 to 580°C, excellent hydrothermal stability as well as good resistance to sulfur poisoning when compared with Cu-SSZ-13, signifying its great potential for practical applications. Further characterizations reveal that the synthesized Fe/Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts present typical chabazite (CHA) structure with good crystallinity, while isolated Cu²⁺ and monomeric Fe³⁺ are revealed as the predominant copper and iron species. At low temperatures, isolated Cu²⁺ species act as primary active sites for SCR reaction, while monomeric Fe³⁺ species provide sufficient active sites for sustain the SCR activity at high temperature. Moreover, Fe over doping would lead to the damage of zeolite structure, destruction of isolated Cu²⁺ site, as well as the formation of highly oxidizing Fe₂O₃, thus causing deterioration of catalytic performances.     

不同剖面层次土壤磷素运移研究

以陕西杨凌地区塿土为研究对象,通过饱和稳定流土柱运移试验,测定磷酸盐(H_2PO_4~-)在不同层次土壤中的运移穿透曲线(BTC),应用CDE模型、CXTFIT软件程序对其实测穿透曲线(BTC)进行拟合求其运移参数,研究其运移规律。结果表明,磷酸盐在塿土中的运移受到土壤的强烈阻滞作用,随着CaCO_3含量增加,磷酸盐运移所受的阻滞作用增大。磷酸盐在塿土不同剖面层次中运移所受阻滞作用大小与CaCO_3含量呈极显著的正相关,r=0.9791;而与粘粒含量且成极显著的负相关、r=0.9318。磷酸盐在塿土不同土层运移所受阻滞作用大小顺序为:钙积层>堆垫表层>粘化层,其阻滞因子R值分别为:11.80～13.00,5.20～7.00,3.90～5.00。     

羟基磷灰石对棕壤和红壤铜吸附的影响

采用等温平衡法,观测了羟基磷灰石对红壤、棕壤铜吸附量的影响,并应用Freundlich方程Cs=KfCen分析了土壤铜的吸附特征。结果表明,棕壤对铜的吸附能力明显高于红壤。以n（磷）∶n（铜）=1∶1向棕壤与红壤中施用羟基磷灰石,会增加两种土壤对铜的吸附量。其中,羟基磷灰石影响红壤对铜吸附能力明显高于棕壤。增加羟基磷灰石的施用量,会增加红壤与棕壤对铜的吸附量,提高土壤铜的吸附能力。高量羟基磷灰石[n（磷）∶n（铜）=4∶1]的作用效果最为明显;与对照相比,铜的吸附量分别增加62.1%和28.4%。据此推测,在铜污染红壤或棕壤上,可以选用羟基磷灰石作为磷肥的肥源。     

活性污泥对混合阳离子染料的吸附研究

用活性污泥对阳离子染料亚甲蓝和孔雀石绿的混合染料进行吸附研究,考察了染料摩尔比、离子浓度、污泥投加量对污泥吸附混合染料的影响,并用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对吸附数据进行了拟合.结果表明,污泥对混合染料的吸附符合假二级反应动力学;污泥可提供吸附点位的多少决定污泥对混合染料的吸附量;污泥对混合染料的吸附等温式与Freundlich方程拟合良好;染料摩尔比对混合染料的去除有一定影响,2种染料按照不同比例混合后,混合染料的去除率介于2种单组分染料的去除率之间;硫酸钠小于300 mg/L时,离子浓度增加对染料的去除有促进作用,高于300 mg/L后促进作用逐渐减弱,超过600 mg/L后混合染料去除率趋于稳定,不受硫酸钠浓度的影响.     

Selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution by triolein-embedded composite adsorbent

A novel composite adsorbent (CA-T) was used for the selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was composed of the supporting activated carbon and the surrounding triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption isotherms and fluorescence methods were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of CA-T. Triolein was perfectly embedded in the cellulose acetate membrane and deposited on the surface of activated carbon. The adsorbent was stable in water and no triolein leakage was detected during the test periods. Some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as dieldrin, endrin, aldrin, and heptachlor epoxide, were used as model contaminants and removed by CA-T in laboratory batch experiments. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich equation and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order reaction model. Results also indicated that CA-T appeared to be a promising adsorbent with good selectivity and satisfactory removal rate for lipophilic OCPs from aqueous solutions when present in trace amounts. The adsorption rate and removal efficiency for lipophilic OCPs were positively related to their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow). Lower residual concentrations of OCPs were achieved when compared to granular activated carbon (GAC).