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61.
Gaiser BK Biswas A Rosenkranz P Jepson MA Lead JR Stone V Tyler CR Fernandes TF 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(5):1227-1235
Acute (96 h) and chronic (21 d) exposures of Daphnia magna neonates were carried out with nano- and micro-sized Ag and CeO(2) particles to assess the influence of both material and size of particles on mortality and moulting. Mortality rates for silver in the acute exposures were: AgNP, 56.7 ± 23.3% at 0.1 mg L(-1) and 100 ± 20% at 1 mg L(-1), and micro-Ag, 13.3 ± 6.7% at 0.1 mg L(-1) and 80 ± 20% at 1 mg L(-1). CeO(2) was not acutely toxic at concentrations up to 10 mg L(-1). Mortality for Ag over 21d at concentrations of up to 0.05 mg L(-1) was low, while mortality of 30% was observed for 0.001 mg L(-1) of nano-Ag. CeO(2), with the exception of the 10 mg L(-1) of nano-CeO(2) (100% mortality by day 7), was non-toxic. Inhibition of moulting and growth in the acute study occurred at toxic concentrations (Ag particles), and at 10 mg L(-1) of nano-CeO(2). The chronic study revealed reduced moulting at 0.001 mg L(-1) of nano-Ag and 0.01 and 0.05 mg L(-1) of both sizes of Ag, but there was no impact on D. magna size, and no effects of CeO(2). The toxicity of nano-CeO(2) may be attributed to reduced feeding and physical interference with the daphnids' carapace, resulting in reduced swimming ability. Our results suggest that Ag NPs in particular have the potential to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates after release into the environment, whereas CeO(2) particles appear to cause little adverse effects, and only at environmentally irrelevant concentrations. 相似文献
62.
Evaluating the efficacy of adaptive management approaches: Is there a formula for success? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Within the field of natural-resources management, the application of adaptive management is appropriate for complex problems high in uncertainty. Adaptive management is becoming an increasingly popular management-decision tool within the scientific community and has developed into two primary schools of thought: the Resilience-Experimentalist School (with high emphasis on stakeholder involvement, resilience, and highly complex models) and the Decision-Theoretic School (which results in relatively simple models through emphasizing stakeholder involvement for identifying management objectives). Because of these differences, adaptive management plans implemented under each of these schools may yield varying levels of success. We evaluated peer-reviewed literature focused on incorporation of adaptive management to identify components of successful adaptive management plans. Our evaluation included adaptive management elements such as stakeholder involvement, definitions of management objectives and actions, use and complexity of predictive models, and the sequence in which these elements were applied. We also defined a scale of degrees of success to make comparisons between the two adaptive management schools of thought. Our results include the relationship between the adaptive management process documented in the reviewed literature and our defined continuum of successful outcomes. Our data suggest an increase in the number of published articles with substantive discussion of adaptive management from 2000 to 2009 at a mean rate of annual change of 0.92 (r2 = 0.56). Additionally, our examination of data for temporal patterns related to each school resulted in an increase in acknowledgement of the Decision-Theoretic School of thought at a mean annual rate of change of 0.02 (r2 = 0.6679) and a stable acknowledgement for the Resilience-Experimentalist School of thought (r2 = 0.0042; slope = 0.0013). Identifying the elements of successful adaptive management will be advantageous to natural-resources managers considering adaptive management as a decision tool. 相似文献
63.
Nicholas K. Dulvy ‡ Julian D. Metcalfe † Jamie Glanville Mike G. Pawson † and John D. Reynolds 《Conservation biology》2000,14(1):283-293
Abstract: Skates are arguably the most vulnerable of exploited marine fishes. Their vulnerability is often assessed by examining fisheries catch trends, but these data are not generally recorded on a species basis except in France. Aggregated skate catch statistics tend to exhibit more stable trends than those of other elasmobranch fisheries. We tested whether such apparent stability in aggregated catch trends could mask population declines of individual species. We examined two time series of species-specific surveys of a relatively stable skate fishery in the northeast Atlantic. These surveys revealed the disappearance of two skate species, long-nose skate ( Dipturus oxyrhinchus ) and white skate ( Rostroraja alba ) and confirmed a previously documented decline of the common skate ( D. batis ). Of the remaining five skate species, the three larger ones have declined, whereas two smaller species have increased in abundance. The increase in abundance and biomass of the smaller species has resulted in the stability of the aggregated catch trends. Because there is significant dietary overlap among species, we suggest the increase in abundance of the smaller species may be due to competitive release as the larger species declined. A consequence of this kind of stability is that declining species cannot be detected without species-specific data, especially in taxa exhibiting competitive interactions. This may explain why previously documented disappearances of two species of skates went unnoticed for so long. The conservation of skates and other elasmobranchs requires species-specific monitoring and special attention to larger species. 相似文献
64.
65.
Byung Kyu Kim Jamie Krams Erin Krug Mark Leaseburge Justin Lemley Ammar Alkhawaldeh Ray A. Mentzer M. Sam Mannan 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2012,25(5):780-787
Several catastrophic events in the process industry have caused extensive damage to life and property and have forever changed the process safety landscape. Despite the commitment from the industry, incidents still occur with similar root causes, impacting major companies in various ways. This work examines the financial impact of such incidents on the stability and future of affected companies in different industries. Several devastating incidents were analyzed to evaluate the direct impact in the short- and long-term and to discuss factors influencing the ability of affected companies to withstand the consequence of catastrophic events. 相似文献
66.
E. Jamie Trammell J. Scott Thomas Dave Mouat Quinn Korbulic Scott Bassett 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2018,61(1):64-85
Scenario planning is an effective approach for examining possible futures by exploring the implications and consequences of different policy responses to landscape stressors. We present here a case study that explores plausible futures of urban growth in Southern Nevada, USA that illustrates how scenario analysis can be used to inform region-wide resource management by spatially modeling drivers of change, resource impacts, and potential policy responses. Using a suite of energy, water and biodiversity impact models, we assess the outcomes of the various futures on priority resources, resulting in a clear basis of comparison between alternative policies and their potential outcomes. This case study demonstrates the utility of scenario modeling for natural resource management by exploring crucial policy decisions that might be made in the near-term that could have lasting and sometimes conflicting influences on regional resources over the long term. 相似文献
67.
Both cooperation and conflict between the sexes are commonplace in monogamous mating systems. However, little is known about
how cooperation and competition varies seasonally in monogamous species that maintain permanent territories. We presented
territorial pairs of male and female New Zealand robins (Petroica australis) with a large supply of insect prey at monthly intervals for 2 years. Behavioural observations after food presentation were
then made to quantify seasonal and sexual differences in aggressive interactions over prey, prey acquisition rates, mate provisioning,
offspring provisioning, selfish food hoarding and cache retrieval. Data were used to evaluate sex-specific behavioural strategies
of mediating competition for food. Results showed that males aggressively excluded females from experimental food sources
year-round. Females only accessed food sources when males left them unattended. Consequently, females acquired fewer prey
than males. After controlling for differences in prey acquisition, both sexes consumed similar amounts of prey in the non-breeding
season. Even though males aggressively excluded females from accessing food sources directly, males fed large amounts of prey
to females during the breeding season. Both sexes provisioned young at similar rates. Males cached less prey than females
in the breeding season but more prey than females in the non-breeding season. Females showed similar caching intensities year-round.
Although males tried to defend their hoards, females frequently retrieved male-made caches. Overall, results showed that although
New Zealand robins cooperate to raise offspring during the breeding season, conflict between the sexes occurs year-round.
Males and females display different behavioural strategies to gain access to experimental food sources, which appear to lessen
male–female competition for food and evenly distribute food resources between the sexes. 相似文献
68.
Frederic Paik Schoenberg Jamie Pompa Chien-Hsun Chang 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2009,16(2):251-269
This paper explores the use of, and problems that arise in, kernel smoothing and parametric estimation of the relationships
between wildfire incidence and various meteorological variables. Such relationships may be treated as components in separable
point process models for wildfire activity. The resulting models can be used for comparative purposes in order to assess the
predictive performance of the Burning Index.
相似文献
Frederic Paik SchoenbergEmail: |
69.
Stephen J. White Merched Azzi Dennys E. Angove Ian M. Jamie 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(40):5375-5382
The photooxidation of fuel vapour was investigated in a smog chamber and simulated using three chemical mechanisms, the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.1), SAPRC-99 and the Carbon Bond chemical mechanism (CB05). Three varieties of fuel were used, unleaded petrol (ULP) and two ULP-ethanol blends which contained 5% and 10% ethanol (E5, E10). The fuel vapours were introduced into the chamber using two methods, by injecting the vapours from wholly evaporated fuel directly, and by injecting the headspace vapour from fuel equilibrated at 38 °C. The chamber experiments were simulated using the selected mechanisms and comparisons made with collected experimental data.The SAPRC-99 mechanism reproduced Δ(O3–NO) more accurately for almost all fuel types and injection modes, with negligible model error for both injection modes. The average model error for MCM simulations was ?16% and for CB05 the average model error was ?34%. The predictions for the CB05 mechanism varied depending on injection mode, the Δ(O3–NO) model error for wholly evaporated experiments was ?44%, compared to ?24% for headspace vapour experiments. The difference in aromatic content between experiments of different injection modes was likely to be the cause of the difference in model error for CB05. The model error for all headspace experiments was dependent upon the initial carbon monoxide concentrations.The results for Δ(O3–NO) were matched by the prediction of other key products, with formaldehyde predicted to within 20% by both SAPRC and the MCM. The addition of ethanol to the base SAPRC mechanism altered the predictions of Δ(O3–NO) by less than 2%. Changes observed in the concentrations of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were consistent with the expected yields from ethanol oxidation. 相似文献
70.
Qiong Wang John Peckenham Jamie Pinto Howard Patterson 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(9):3889-3894
The purpose of this study was to examine the kinetics and equilibrium properties of freshwater algae with Cu2+. This was a model system to explore using algae as biosensors for water quality. Methods included making luminescence measurements (fluorescence) and copper ion-selective electrode (CuISE) measurements vs. time to obtain kinetic data. Results were analyzed using a pseudo-first-order model to calculate the rate constants of Cu2+ uptake by algae: k p(Cu?Calgae)?=?0.0025?±?0.0006?s?1 by CuISE and k p(Cu?Calgae)?=?0.0034?±?0.0011?s?1 by luminescence. The binding constant of Cu?Calgae, K Cu?Calgae, was 1.62?±?0.07?×?107?M?1. Fluorescence results analyzed using the Stern?CVolmer relationship indicate that algae have two types of binding sites of which only one appears to affect quenching. The fluorescence-based method was found to be able to detect the reaction of algae with Cu2+ quickly and at a detection limit of 0.1?mg?L?1. 相似文献