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931.
932.
Heikens A Widianarko B Dewi IC de Boer JL Seinen W van Leeuwen K 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2005,27(5-6):475-483
In Asembagus (East Java, Indonesia), surface water is contaminated with effluent from the hyperacid Ijen Crater Lake. In a
previous study, we reported that food crops irrigated with this water had increased concentrations of various elements. Here,
we present a total diet study for adults and 6-year-old children to determine if the mean daily intake of a broad range of
elements is safe and adequate. For children, the intake of B, Mg, Mn and V is high with Hazard Quotients (HQ) of 1.1 (B),
1.4 (Mn) and 1.4 (V), respectively (no TDI is available for Mg). For Mn, the daily intake is high due to the consumption of
locally produced rice. Drinking water is the main source of B, Mg and V. For adults, the intake of Mg, Mn and V is also high
but HQ values are ≤0.7. For both children and adults, the intake of Ca, Zn and particularly Fe is below the RNI (Fe intake
is 90% below the RNI for women). It is concluded the mean intake of elements is unbalanced and Fe deficiency is probably the
most serious health problem. Toxic effects cannot be fully excluded since deficiency of essential elements such as Ca, Fe
and Zn can increase the absorption and retention of various elements. 相似文献
933.
研究电偶极辐射问题的出发点是推迟势公式,本文先用格林函数法求解达朗贝尔方程组,得出推迟势公式;再用特殊函数理论对推迟势公式作展开,得出电偶极辐射场,并对远场和近场分别进行讨论。这种计算方法既能对电偶极辐射问题有一个较全面而且准确的认识,又能将数学思想与物理理论相结合,做到学以自用,融会贯通。 相似文献
934.
935.
936.
Jan Stenis 《Waste management & research》2005,23(1):13-19
This paper describes a methodology for estimating the true internal costs of construction waste, aimed at promoting environmentally friendly waste management. The study employs cost-benefit analysis, contribution margin analysis, the polluter-pays principle and a mathematical model: the model for Efficient Use of Resources for Optimal Production Economy (EUROPE), which has been introduced previously by the author for assigning industrial costs to waste. The calculations are performed on construction waste created in a case study of a building project. Moreover, waste is regarded as, in a business sense, having the same basic status as any normal industrial product, namely the 'equality principle'. Application of the methodology is suggested to create incentives for environmental and profitability improvement in construction companies and other types of industrial sectors. The results of the case study show the generation of construction waste to substantially decrease the final operating income, due to the internal shadow price cost it creates. This paper is intended to reduce the gap between the choice of waste management procedures and their economic impact, the overall objective being to accomplish an improved industrial environmental situation. 相似文献
937.
938.
Jan Anne Annema Carl Koopmans 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(9):1635-1648
Scientific debates on environmental impacts in cost-benefit analysis (CBA) focus on methodological questions. The literature, however, contains very little information on the influence of these debates on CBAs made in spatial planning practice. In this paper, this gap is filled by a qualitative analysis of 67 CBAs made in the Netherlands between 2000 and 2011. From the literature on environmental valuation, we derive criteria to evaluate the quality of CBA practice, such as completeness and the inclusion of uncertainties. The analysis shows that in many cases relevant environmental effects are omitted or not monetised. Moreover, non-monetised effects are often not included in CBA conclusions. If impacts are monetised, the methods used are frequently not very sophisticated. The consequences of assumptions are often not communicated, for example, where high discount rates make long-term effects seem unimportant. In this research we identify four main points for good practice. 相似文献
939.
Silje Hogner Terje Laskemoen Jan T. Lifjeld Václav Pavel Bohumír Chutný Javier García Marie-Christine Eybert Ekaterina Matsyna Arild Johnsen 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(8):1205-1217
Spermatozoa are among the most variable animal cell types, and much research is currently directed towards explaining inter- and intraspecific variation in sperm form and function. Recent comparative studies in passerine birds have found associations between the level of sperm competition and both sperm length and sperm velocity. In species with sperm competition, postcopulatory sexual selection may shape the morphology of sperm as adaptations to the female environment. The speed of evolutionary change in sperm morphology at the species level is largely unknown. In this study, we analysed variation in sperm morphology among morphologically distinct and geographically isolated bluethroat subspecies in Europe. Consistent with previous studies, our analyses of mtDNA and nuclear introns suggest recent divergence and lack of lineage sorting among the subspecies. We found significant divergence in total sperm length and in the length of some sperm components (i.e. head and midpiece). There was a significantly positive relationship between pairwise divergences in sperm morphology and mitochondrial DNA, suggesting a role for genetic drift in sperm divergence. The magnitude of sperm length divergence was considerably higher than that in other geographically structured passerines, and even higher than that observed between several pairs of sister species. We hypothesize that the rapid sperm evolution in bluethroats is driven by sperm competition, and that strong postcopulatory sexual selection on sperm traits can lead to rapid speciation through reproductive incompatibilities. 相似文献