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181.
van Eeden CM Liebenberg W du Preez JL de Villiers MM 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2004,39(1):33-51
In an effort to help with the development of effective dip vat management and waste disposal strategies this study determined how solution properties such as pH, buffer composition, ionic strength, temperature, solubility in organic solvents and the addition of commonly used solubilizing agents influenced the hydrolysis of amitraz. Amitraz degrade by means of hydrolysis described by a pseudo-first order rate process and a type ABCD pH rate profile. Hydrolysis increased with temperature and was fastest at low pH, slowest at neutral to slightly alkaline pH, and slightly increased above pH 10. However, buffer concentration and ionic strength influenced the hydrolysis rate and had to be accounted for before constructing a pH rate profile. Hydrolysis seems to depend on the dielectric constant of solvent mixtures and was fastest in water, slower in propylene glycol and ethanol solutions, and slowest in DMSO mixtures. In surfactant solutions, anionic micelles enhanced and cationic micelles retarded the hydrolysis rate. The magnitude of micellar effects decreased with increasing concentrations of the surfactants. The increased solubility and faster hydrolysis of amitraz in the sodium lauryl sulfate solutions showed that anionic surfactants potentially could be used for cleaning up amitraz spills, because it both solubilized the drug and catalyzed hydrolysis. 相似文献
182.
An inter-laboratory study to test the ability of amendments to reduce the availability of Cd, Pb, and Zn in situ 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Brown S Christensen B Lombi E McLaughlin M McGrath S Colpaert J Vangronsveld J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2005,138(1):34-45
An international inter-laboratory research program investigated the effectiveness of in situ remediation of soils contaminated by cadmium, lead and zinc, measuring changes in soil and soil solution chemistry, plants and soil microbiota. A common soil, from mine wastes in Jasper County MO, was used. The soil was pH 5.9, had low organic matter (1.2 g kg(-1) C) and total Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations of 92, 5022, and 18 532 mg kg(-1), respectively. Amendments included lime, phosphorus (P), red mud (RM), cyclonic ashes (CA), biosolids (BIO), and water treatment residuals (WTR). Both soil solution and NH4NO3 extractable metals were decreased by all treatments. Phytotoxicity of metals was reduced, with plants grown in P treatments having the highest yields and lowest metal concentration (0.5, 7.2 and 406 mg kg(-1) Cd, Pb, and Zn). Response of soil micro-organisms was similar to plant responses. Phosphorus addition reduced the physiologically based extraction test Pb from 84% of total Pb extracted in the untreated soil to 34.1%. 相似文献
183.
184.
Mart-Jan Schelhaas Geerten Hengeveld Marco Moriondo Gert Jan Reinds Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz Herbert ter Maat Marco Bindi 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(7):681-701
Risks can generally be described as the combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Using this framework, we evaluated
the historical and future development of risk of fire and wind damage in European forestry at the national level. Fire risk
is expected to increase, mainly as a consequence of an increase in fire hazard, defined as the Fire Weather Index in summer.
Exposure, defined as forest area, is expected to increase slightly as a consequence of active afforestation and abandonment
of marginal agricultural areas. Adaptation options to fire risk should therefore aim to decrease the vulnerability, where
a change in tree species from conifers to broadleaves had most effect. Risk for wind damage in forests is expected to increase
mainly as a consequence of increase in exposure (total growing stock) and vulnerability (defined by age class and tree species
distribution). Projections of future wind climate indicate an increase in hazard (storminess) mainly over Western Europe.
Adaptation options should aim to limit the increase in exposure and vulnerability. Only an increase in harvest level can stop
the current build-up of growing stock, while at the same time it will lower vulnerability through the reduction of the share
of old and vulnerable stands. Changing species from conifers to broadleaves helps to reduce vulnerability as well. Lowering
vulnerability by decreasing the rotation length is only effective in combination with a high demand for wood. Due to data
limitations, no forecast of future fire area or damaged timber amount by storms was possible. 相似文献
185.
Götz Schroth Peter Laderach Jan Dempewolf Stacy Philpott Jeremy Haggar Hallie Eakin Teresa Castillejos Jaime Garcia Moreno Lorena Soto Pinto Ricardo Hernandez Anton Eitzinger Julian Ramirez-Villegas 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(7):605-625
The mountain chain of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in southern Mexico is globally significant for its biodiversity and is one of the most important coffee production areas of Mexico. It provides water for several municipalities and its biosphere reserves are important tourist attractions. Much of the forest cover outside the core protected areas is in fact coffee grown under traditional forest shade. Unless this (agro)forest cover can be sustained, the biodiversity of the Sierra Madre and the environmental services it provides are at risk. We analyzed the threats to livelihoods and environment from climate change through crop suitability modeling based on downscaled climate scenarios for the period 2040 to 2069 (referred to as 2050s) and developed adaptation options through an expert workshop. Significant areas of forest and occasionally coffee are destroyed every year by wildfires, and this problem is bound to increase in a hotter and drier future climate. Widespread landslides and inundations, including on coffee farms, have recently been caused by hurricanes whose intensity is predicted to increase. A hotter climate with more irregular rainfall will be less favorable to the production of quality coffee and lower profitability may compel farmers to abandon shade coffee and expand other land uses of less biodiversity value, probably at the expense of forest. A comprehensive strategy to sustain the biodiversity, ecosystem services and livelihoods of the Sierra Madre in the face of climate change should include the promotion of biodiversity friendly coffee growing and processing practices including complex shade which can offer some hurricane protection and product diversification; payments for forest conservation and restoration from existing government programs complemented by private initiatives; diversification of income sources to mitigate risks associated with unstable environmental conditions and coffee markets; integrated fire management; development of markets that reward sustainable land use practices and forest conservation; crop insurance programs that are accessible to smallholders; and the strengthening of local capacity for adaptive resource management. 相似文献
186.
187.
上海市能源消费CO2排放清单与碳流通图 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
基于上海市能源统计数据,参照IPCC(2006)方法,测算了上海市能源CO2排放清单,并绘制了2007年上海市碳流通图.结果表明,上海市能源相关的CO2排放总量从1995年的1.10亿t增长到2007年的2.01亿t,期间年均增长率为5.0%.其中“交通”对应的CO2排放量增长最为迅速,年均增长率达15.1%;而“热电厂”的CO2排放量增幅逐渐变缓,其原因为近年上海市外来电力比重增大.2007年“热电厂”、“工业与建筑业”、“交通”、“商业”、“居民生活”与“农业”各部分CO2排放分担率分别为35.4%、34.4%、23.8%、4.0%、2.0%、0.4%.由2007年上海市碳流通图可见,15.6%的煤炭直接由终端使用,这不利于能源效率的提高与污染物的减排;成品油存在较多的交叉流通,若能够减少不必要的流通,不但能够缓解成品油的运输,还能够减少其在转运过程中的输配损失. 相似文献
188.
Romy Steenbeek Ruben C. Piek Marleen van Buul Jan A. R. A. M. van Hooff 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1999,45(2):137-150
This study examines vigilance as a behavioural indicator of the importance of infanticide risk by comparing the infanticide
avoidance hypothesis with the predation avoidance and mate defence hypotheses for wild Thomas's langurs (Presbytis thomasi) in Sumatra. We found that all individuals were more vigilant in situations of high predation risk, i.e. lower in the trees
and in the absence of neighbours. Females were also more vigilant on the periphery of the group. However, there were variations
in vigilance levels that could not be accounted for by the predation avoidance hypothesis. Males without infants showed higher
levels of vigilance in areas of home range overlap than in non-overlap areas during the early phase of their tenure, strongly
suggesting mate defence. In these areas of home range overlap where Thomas's langur groups can interact, males may attack
females and infants, and so the infanticide risk for males and females with infants is likely to be high in these areas. Only
females with infants, but not males with infants or females without infants, showed higher vigilance levels in overlap areas
than in non-overlap areas; in addition, in overlap areas, females with an infant were more vigilant than females without an
infant, while this was not the case in non-overlap areas. Both females and males with infants were more vigilant high in the
trees than at medium heights in overlap areas but not elsewhere. These findings can only be explained by the infanticide avoidance
hypothesis. In contrast to predator attacks, infanticidal male attacks come from high in the canopy, and only occur in overlap
areas. There was a significant sex difference in vigilance, but males were only more vigilant than females without an infant,
and not more vigilant than females with an infant. We conclude that vigilance varied mainly in relation to the risk of predation
and infanticide. Mate competition only played a role for males during the early phase of their tenure. Predation risk seems
to offer the best explanation for vigilance for all individuals in the absence of infants. Both predation risk and infanticide
risk played a role for females and males with infants.
Received: 4 April 1998 / Accepted after revision: 6 September 1998 相似文献
189.
Jared D. Margulies Francesca R. Moorman Bárbara Goettsch Jan C. Axmacher Amy Hinsley 《Conservation biology》2023,37(3):e14030
Although illegal wildlife trade (IWT) represents a serious threat to biodiversity, research into the prevalence of illegal plant collection and trade remains scarce. Because cacti and succulents are heavily threatened by overcollection for often illegal, international ornamental trade, we surveyed 441 members of the cacti and succulent hobbyist collector community with a mixed quantitative and qualitative approach. We sought to understand collector perspectives on the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) and on the threats IWT poses to cactus and succulent conservation. Most respondents (74% of 401 respondents) stated that illegal collection in cacti and succulents represents a “very serious problem” and that the problem of wild plant collection is increasing (72% of 319 respondents). Most forms of illegal collection and trade were seen as very unacceptable by respondents. Self-reported noncompliance with CITES rules was uncommon (11.2% of 418 respondents); it remains a persistent problem in parts of the cacti and succulent hobbyist community. People engaging in rule breaking, such as transporting plants without required CITES documents, generally did so knowingly. Although 60.6% of 381 respondents regarded CITES as a very important tool for conservation, sentiment toward CITES and its efficacy in helping species conservation was mixed. Collectors in our survey saw themselves as potentially playing important roles in cactus and succulent conservation, but this potential resource remains largely untapped. Our results suggest the need for enhanced consultation with stakeholders in CITES decision-making. For challenging subjects like IWT, developing evidence-based responses demands deep interdisciplinary engagement, including assessing the conservation impact of species listings on CITES appendices. 相似文献
190.