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631.
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) belongs to one of the most hazardous groups of chemicals called persistent organic pollutants. Many organochlorine pesticides including p,p(')-DDT are long lasting due to their non-degradability can travel to distant places and being fat soluble can accumulate in animals and human bodies. Due to the persistent nature of p,p(')-DDT, its adverse environmental and health impacts, the present study was undertaken to examine the residual p,p(')-DDT in and around abandoned p,p(')-DDT manufacturing factory in Amman Gharh, Nowshera, NWFP. Samples of soil, sediments and water were collected in and around the factory area, nearby p,p(')-DDT stores, main factory drain leading to river Kabul and nearby villages. Standard procedures were used for the collection, transportation and storage of samples for analyses. Extraction of each sample for p,p(')-DDT analyses was carried out in triplicates using Soxhelt extraction. p,p(')-DDT contents in the samples were analyzed by capillary GC with electron capture detector. Most of the samples collected up to half kilometer distance from the site of the DDT factory were found contaminated. Further the level of p,p(')-DDT decreased with increasing depth from top to bottom and with distance from the site. The results indicate that there is no immediate threat to underground water reservoirs. 相似文献
632.
633.
Vorkamp K Strand J Christensen JH Svendsen TC Lassen P Hansen AB Larsen MM Andersen O 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2010,12(5):1141-1152
During the Danish Galathea 3 expedition, bivalve samples were collected at the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Ghana, South Africa, Australia, Solomon Islands, New Zealand, Chile, US Virgin Islands, Boston, Newfoundland and Shetland Islands and analysed for organochlorines and PAHs. Concentration differences of up to three orders of magnitude were observed, with the highest concentrations at Boston harbour (SPCB 338 ng g(-1) dw, ΣSPAH 5966 ng g(-1) dw) and the Sydney estuary (ΣSPCB 282 ng g(-1) dw, SPAH 1453 ng g(-1) dw). Local impacts were also found for the Greenland capital Nuuk in terms of PCB and PAH levels, while other Greenland samples came closest to representing PAH background levels. Several locations had undetectable organochlorine levels, including Hobart and Chile, which had the lowest SPAH concentrations (<200 ng g(-1) dw). It was possible to group the stations according to their pyrogenic/petrogenic influence using Principal Component Analyses, and indications of petroleum sources were found at Nuuk. 相似文献
634.
Stefan?MayerEmail author Magdalena?Twaru?ek Anna?B?ajet-Kosicka Jan?Grajewski 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2016,188(3):154
Manual sorting of onions is known to be associated with a bioaerosol exposure. The study aimed to gain an initial indication as to what extent manual sorting of onions is also associated with mycotoxin exposure. Twelve representative samples of outer onion skins from different onion origins were sampled and analyzed with a multimycotoxin method comprising 40 mycotoxins using a single extraction step followed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Six of the 12 samples were positive for mycotoxins. In those samples, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, and B2 were observed in quantitatively detectable amounts of 3940 ng/g for fumonisin B1 and in the range of 126–587 ng/g for deoxynivalenol and 55–554 ng/g for fumonisin B2. Although the results point to a lower risk due to mycotoxins, the risk should not be completely neglected and has to be considered in the risk assessment. 相似文献
635.
External drift kriging of NOx concentrations with dispersion model output in a reduced air quality monitoring network 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jan van de Kassteele Alfred Stein Arnold L. M. Dekkers Guus J. M. Velders 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2009,16(3):321-339
In the mid nineteen eighties the Dutch NOx air quality monitoring network was reduced from 73 to 32 rural and city background stations, leading to higher spatial uncertainties.
In this study, several other sources of information are being used to help reduce uncertainties in parameter estimation and
spatial mapping. For parameter estimation, we used Bayesian inference. For mapping, we used kriging with external drift (KED)
including secondary information from a dispersion model. The methods were applied to atmospheric NOx concentrations on rural and urban scales. We compared Bayesian estimation with restricted maximum likelihood estimation and
KED with universal kriging. As a reference we also included ordinary least squares (OLS). Comparison of several parameter
estimation and spatial interpolation methods was done by cross-validation. Bayesian analysis resulted in an error reduction
of 10 to 20% as compared to restricted maximum likelihood, whereas KED resulted in an error reduction of 50% as compared to
universal kriging. Where observations were sparse, the predictions were substantially improved by inclusion of the dispersion
model output and by using available prior information. No major improvement was observed as compared to OLS, the cause presumably
being that much good information is contained in the dispersion model output, so that no additional spatial residual random
field is required to explain the data. In all, we conclude that reduction in the monitoring network could be compensated by
modern geostatistical methods, and that a traditional simple statistical model is of an almost equal quality.
相似文献
Jan van de KassteeleEmail: |
636.
Reliability of Elasticity Analysis: Reply to Mills et al. 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
637.
Direct Perturbation Analysis for Better Conservation 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
638.
Agrochemical spray drift; assessment and mitigation--a review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Felsot AS Unsworth JB Linders JB Roberts G Rautman D Harris C Carazo E 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2011,46(1):1-23
During application of agrochemicals spray droplets can drift beyond the intended target to non-target receptors, including water, plants and animals. Factors affecting this spray drift include mode of application, droplet size, which can be modified by the nozzle types, formulation adjuvants, wind direction, wind speed, air stability, relative humidity, temperature and height of released spray relative to the crop canopy. The rate of fall of spray droplets depends upon the size of the droplets but is modified by entrainment in a mobile air mass and is also influenced by the rate of evaporation of the liquid constituting the aerosol. The longer the aerosol remains in the air before falling to the ground (or alternatively striking an object above ground) the greater the opportunity for it to be carried away from its intended target. In general, all size classes of droplets are capable of movement off target, but the smallest are likely to move the farthest before depositing on the ground or a non-target receptor. It is not possible to avoid spray drift completely but it can be minimized by using best-management practices. These include using appropriate nozzle types, shields, spray pressure, volumes per area sprayed, tractor speed and only spraying when climatic conditions are suitable. Field layout can also influence spray drift, whilst crop-free and spray-free buffer zones and windbreak crops can also have a mitigating effect. Various models are available to estimate the environmental exposure from spray drift at the time of application. 相似文献
639.
Eulaers I Covaci A Herzke D Eens M Sonne C Moum T Schnug L Hanssen SA Johnsen TV Bustnes JO Jaspers VL 《Environment international》2011,37(3):622-630
In previous studies, feathers of adult predatory birds have been evaluated as valid non-destructive biomonitor matrices for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). In this study, we assessed for the first time the usefulness of nestling raptor feathers for non-destructive biomonitoring of POPs. For this purpose, we collected body feathers and blood of nestlings from three avian top predators from northern Norway: northern goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). We were able to detect a broad spectrum of legacy POPs in the nestling feathers of all three species (Σ PCBs: 6.78-140ng g(-1); DDE: 3.15-145ng g(-1); Σ PBDEs: 0.538-7.56ng g(-1)). However, these concentrations were lower compared to other studies on raptor species, probably due to the aspect of monitoring of nestlings instead of adults. Besides their analytical suitability, nestling feathers also appear to be biologically informative: concentrations of most POPs in nestling feathers showed strong and significant correlations with blood plasma concentrations in all species (p<0.050; 0.775相似文献
640.
Leat EH Bourgeon S Borgå K Strøm H Hanssen SA Gabrielsen GW Petersen A Olafsdottir K Magnusdottir E Fisk AT Ellis S Bustnes JO Furness RW 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(5):1222-1228
Concentrations of POPs in Great skua eggs from Shetland are among the highest in North Atlantic seabirds, with up to 11,600 μg/kg (ww) DDE and up to 17,900 μg/kg ww ∑PCB. Concentrations of legacy POPs were significantly lower in 2008 than 1980. Decreases were greatest for least persistent compounds. Median ∑PBDEs increased from 99 μg/kg ww in 1980 to 173 μg/kg ww in 2008. There were changes in Great skua breeding season diet, with more adult Herring and Mackerel and less Sandeel. These changes increase exposure to POPs, since Herring and Mackerel accumulate more POPs than Sandeels. In both years, eggs with higher δ15N had higher POP concentrations. In 1980, birds feeding more on demersal discard fish from trawl fisheries and less on Sandeels, had higher POP levels in eggs. In 2008, individuals feeding more on Herring and Mackerel, and less on discards, had higher POP levels in eggs. 相似文献