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41.
Determining the scale of larval dispersal and population connectivity in demersal fishes is a major challenge in marine ecology.
Historically, considerations of larval dispersal have ignored the possible contributions of larval behaviour, but we show
here that even young, small larvae have swimming, orientation and vertical positioning capabilities that can strongly influence
dispersal outcomes. Using young (11–15 days), relatively poorly developed (8–10 mm), larvae of the pomacentrid damselfish,
Amblyglyphidodon curacao (identified using mitochondrial DNA), we studied behaviour relevant to dispersal in the laboratory and sea on windward and
leeward sides of Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Behaviour varied little with size over the narrow size range examined.
Critical speed was 27.5 ± 1.0 cm s−1 (30.9 BL s−1), and in situ speed was 13.6 ± 0.6 cm s−1. Fastest individuals were 44.6 and 25.0 cm s−1, for critical and in situ speeds, respectively. In situ speed was about 50% of critical speed and equalled mean current speed.
Unfed larvae swam 172 ± 29 h at 8–10 cm s−1 (52.0 ± 8.6 km), and lost 25% wet weight over that time. Vertical distribution differed between locations: modal depth was
2.5–5.0 and 10.0–12.5 m at leeward and windward sites, respectively. Over 80% of 71 larvae observed in situ had directional
swimming trajectories. Larvae avoided NW bearings, with an overall mean SE swimming direction, regardless of the direction
to nearest settlement habitat. Larvae made smaller changes between sequential bearings of swimming direction when swimming
SE than in other directions, making it more likely they would continue to swim SE. When swimming NW, 62% of turns were left
(more than in other directions), which would quickly result in swimming direction changing away from NW. This demonstrates
the larvae knew the direction in which they were swimming and provides insight into how they achieved SE swimming direction.
Although the cues used for orientation are unclear, some possibilities seemingly can be eliminated. Thus, A. curacao larvae near Lizard Island, on average swam into the average current at a speed equivalent to it, could do this for many hours,
and chose different depths in different locations. These behaviours will strongly influence dispersal, and are similar to
behaviour of other settlement-stage pomacentrid larvae that are older and larger. 相似文献
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Robert A. Rose Dirck Byler J. Ron Eastman Erica Fleishman Gary Geller Scott Goetz Liane Guild Healy Hamilton Matt Hansen Rachel Headley Jennifer Hewson Ned Horning Beth A. Kaplin Nadine Laporte Allison Leidner Peter Leimgruber Jeffrey Morisette John Musinsky Lilian Pintea Ana Prados Volker C. Radeloff Mary Rowen Sassan Saatchi Steve Schill Karyn Tabor Woody Turner Anthony Vodacek James Vogelmann Martin Wegmann David Wilkie Cara Wilson 《Conservation biology》2015,29(2):350-359
In an effort to increase conservation effectiveness through the use of Earth observation technologies, a group of remote sensing scientists affiliated with government and academic institutions and conservation organizations identified 10 questions in conservation for which the potential to be answered would be greatly increased by use of remotely sensed data and analyses of those data. Our goals were to increase conservation practitioners’ use of remote sensing to support their work, increase collaboration between the conservation science and remote sensing communities, identify and develop new and innovative uses of remote sensing for advancing conservation science, provide guidance to space agencies on how future satellite missions can support conservation science, and generate support from the public and private sector in the use of remote sensing data to address the 10 conservation questions. We identified a broad initial list of questions on the basis of an email chain‐referral survey. We then used a workshop‐based iterative and collaborative approach to whittle the list down to these final questions (which represent 10 major themes in conservation): How can global Earth observation data be used to model species distributions and abundances? How can remote sensing improve the understanding of animal movements? How can remotely sensed ecosystem variables be used to understand, monitor, and predict ecosystem response and resilience to multiple stressors? How can remote sensing be used to monitor the effects of climate on ecosystems? How can near real‐time ecosystem monitoring catalyze threat reduction, governance and regulation compliance, and resource management decisions? How can remote sensing inform configuration of protected area networks at spatial extents relevant to populations of target species and ecosystem services? How can remote sensing‐derived products be used to value and monitor changes in ecosystem services? How can remote sensing be used to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of conservation efforts? How does the expansion and intensification of agriculture and aquaculture alter ecosystems and the services they provide? How can remote sensing be used to determine the degree to which ecosystems are being disturbed or degraded and the effects of these changes on species and ecosystem functions? 相似文献
46.
Jeffrey D. Fore Scott P. Sowa David L. Galat Gust M. Annis David D. Diamond Charles Rewa 《Environmental management》2014,53(3):567-582
Managers can improve conservation of lotic systems over large geographies if they have tools to assess total watershed conditions for individual stream segments and can identify segments where conservation practices are most likely to be successful (i.e., primary management capacity). The goal of this research was to develop a suite of threat indices to help agriculture resource management agencies select and prioritize watersheds across Missouri River basin in which to implement agriculture conservation practices. We quantified watershed percentages or densities of 17 threat metrics that represent major sources of ecological stress to stream communities into five threat indices: agriculture, urban, point-source pollution, infrastructure, and all non-agriculture threats. We identified stream segments where agriculture management agencies had primary management capacity. Agriculture watershed condition differed by ecoregion and considerable local variation was observed among stream segments in ecoregions of high agriculture threats. Stream segments with high non-agriculture threats were most concentrated near urban areas, but showed high local variability. 60 % of stream segments in the basin were classified as under U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) primary management capacity and most segments were in regions of high agricultural threats. NRCS primary management capacity was locally variable which highlights the importance of assessing total watershed condition for multiple threats. Our threat indices can be used by agriculture resource management agencies to prioritize conservation actions and investments based on: (a) relative severity of all threats, (b) relative severity of agricultural threats, and (c) and degree of primary management capacity. 相似文献
47.
Igor Linkov Cate Fox-Lent Jeffrey Keisler Stefano Della Sala Jorg Sieweke 《The Environmentalist》2014,34(3):378-382
In the history of disasters in Venice, there are implications for modern times in terms of complex systems management and emerging threats, in particular from examples of risk management and resilience achieved by the Venetian state during outbreaks of the plague. In fourteenth century Venice, risk assessment the way we practice it today would fail to provide meaningful recommendations to reduce the casualty rate of the plague epidemic because the cause and transmission of the disease was not understood. Instead, a set of systemic actions across the social, economic, and transportation networks of the city taken by officials and doctors eventually slowed and arguably stopped the spread of the disease. These latter actions are an early example of what is now considered resilience management. Resilience management improves a complex system’s ability to prepare, absorb, recover, and adapt to unexpected threats and does so by address the capabilities at a system, rather than component, level. Resilience management can be a guide to addressing current issues of population growth and rising sea level in modern day Venice and across the globe. This paper calls for integration of resilience assessment in comprehensive risk and resilience management framework. 相似文献
48.
This paper evaluates the relative influences of use, managerial and environmental factors on trail width, from a survey of all formal trails in Acadia National Park, Maine, USA. A Trimble GPS was used to navigate to and collect data at sample points spaced at a 152.4 m (500 ft) interval across all National Park Service trails on Mount Desert Island. Regression analyses focus on increasing understanding of factors that influence the width of formal hiking trails. ANOVA analyses demonstrate differences in trail width based on trail surface type (class), and the presence or absence of trail borders. A novel approach of comparing intended widths to actual widths enabled us to look specifically at the avoidable and undesirable impacts associated with having a trail that is wider than intended. 相似文献
49.
Dennis J. Paustenbach Tibor T. Sarlos Brent L. Finley David A. Jeffrey Michael J. Ungs 《Chemosphere》1991,23(11-12)
Conservative models were used to estimate the airborne concentrations of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) vapor and particulates originating from soil containing 100 ppb TCDD. The upper-bound estimates were 3.25 pg/m3 of airborne TCDD vapor on-site and 0.51 pg/m3 for TCDD vapor 100 meters downwind. The TCDD air concentration on-site due to suspended particulate is estimated to be 1.4 pg/m3, based on a TSP level of 0.07 mg/m3. Assuming 70 years of continuous exposure to these concentrations, the upper-bound cancer risks determined from the Jury model were estimated to be 9.4 × 10−6 to 1.1 × 10−4 and 1.5 × 10−6 to 1.7 × 10−5 for inhalation of on- and off-site vapor, respectively, and 4.1 × 10−6 to 4.6 × 10−5 for dust inhalation. Since few sites have average soil concentrations as high as 100 ppb TCDD, this worst-case analysis indicates that inhalation will rarely, if ever, be a significant route of exposure to TCDD-contaminated soil. Experimental results support this claim and point to much lower risk estimates (8.4 × 10−9 to 9.9 × 10−8), suggesting that the parameters used in the Jury model are likely to overestimate the actual airborne levels of TCDD at contaminated sites. 相似文献
50.
A sample of 135 female human service professionals completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Staff Burnout Scale for Health Professionals (SBS), along with measures of job satisfaction, role stress, self-esteem, alienation, and locus of control. Principal components factor analysis of this battery indicates considerable covariation of self-reported burnout with job dissatisfaction and perceived role stress, and moderate overlap with more general feelings of alienation and low self-esteem. Item factor analysis of the 22 MBI items resulted in two independent factors, one defined by the Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization items, the other by the Personal Accomplishment items. Item factoring of the SBS produced one large factor which was highly correlated with the MBI exhaustion-depersonalization factor. Implications of these findings for the construct validity of the MBI and SBS are discussed. 相似文献