饮用水中挥发性有机污染物的直接测定液氮冷阱/色谱/质谱—毛细管柱法

将冷阱用于液样浓缩器(LSC)/色谱/质谱(GC/MS)装置中,可对饮用水中挥发性有机污染物进行快速定性、定量分析.此方法适用于对饮用水及天然水体中挥发性有机污染物的普查和监测.     

活性炭填料塔碱吸收NOx尾气的研究

近年来,国内外对NO_x尾气治理方法的研究十分活跃,已有一些报道,所提出的方法虽多,但由于技术、经济等方面的原因,工业上采用的不多。 我们采用活性炭填料塔的分气纯碱溶液吸收法,脱除率高达89—97％,排放浓度可由4000-5000ppm降至157-455ppm。     

Design and performance of a field exposure system for evaluation of the ecological effects of SO2 on native grassland

We describe the design and performance of two replicate field exposure systems for evaluating the ecological effects of chronic SO₂ exposure on 0.5 ha plots of native Montana grassland. The SO₂ was supplied at a constant rate to each plot through a network of 2.5-cm inside diameter aluminum pipes set parallel to and approximately 0.7 m above the ground with 0.8-mm SO₂ release holes at 3-m intervals. The resulting SO₂ concentrations on the plots varied with micrometeorological conditions. Fumigations were essentially continuous from April through October for 5 yr on one set of four plots and for 4 yr on another set of four plots. Frequency distributions of SO₂ concentrations were approximately log-normal and qualitatively similar to those from various area and point sources. The diurnal pattern of SO₂ concentrations was strongly correlated with the reciprocal of windspeed. Nighttime concentrations averaged almost double daytime concentrations. The diurnal concentration pattern resembled an area source more closely than a point source, a direct result of using constant SO₂ source strength. Plume strikes could be simulated by turning the system on only during pre-specified meteorological conditions. Similarly, seasonal variations in area source concentrations could be simulated by varying source strength on the plots. The data from 5 years use of the system indicate that the fine-scale behavior of SO₂ concentrations would be realistic.     

A comparison of fixed-site and non-fixed-site approaches for species protection

The efficacy of simultaneously advancing two distinct conceptual designs (referred to here as fixed-site and non-fixed-site) for species conservation and protection is addressed. In the literature, numerous models can be found that typically stem from a particular design, but rarely are comparisons made between approaches. This paper presents a more integrated optimization framework that models landowner behavior and species viabilities at a landscape scale. Regional demand for resource extraction is used as the economic driver, a variant of simulated annealing is used to solve the model under different species protection approaches, and a detailed species population simulator is utilized to measure biological responses. When directly comparing the outcomes of different species protection strategies from a case study in Oregon (USA), it was found that neither approach was universally superior in terms of financial value or degree of protection for two late seral forest dependent species.     

Accumulation of perchlorate in tobacco plants: development of a plant kinetic model

Previous studies have shown that tobacco plants are tolerant of perchlorate and will accumulate perchlorate in plant tissues. This research determined the uptake, translocation, and accumulation of perchlorate in tobacco plants. Three hydroponics growth studies were completed under greenhouse conditions. Depletion of perchlorate in the hydroponics nutrient solution and accumulation of perchlorate in plant tissues were determined at two-day intervals using ion chromatography. Perchlorate primarily accumulated in tobacco leaves, yielding a substantial storage capacity for perchlorate. Mass balance results show that perchlorate degradation was negligible in plants. Tobacco plants were shown to effectively accumulate perchlorate over a wide range of initial concentrations (10 ppb to 100 ppm) from the hydroponics solution. Results suggest that plants are potential plants for the phytoremediation of perchlorate. A mathematical model was developed to describe the distribution of perchlorate in tobacco plants under rapid growth conditions. The Plant Kinetic (PK) model defined a plant as a set of compartments, described by mass balance differential equations and plant-specific physiological parameters. Data obtained from a separate hydroponics growth study with multiple solution perchlorate concentrations were used to validate predicted root, stem, and leaf concentrations. There was good agreement between model predictions and measured concentrations in the plant. The model, once adequately validated, can be applied to other terrestrial plants and inorganic chemicals currently used for both phytoremediation and ecological risk assessment.     

永磁铁近场等效阻尼计算分析

目的探究相对速度对等效电涡流阻尼效应的影响规律。方法利用解析法和有限元法分别分析了柱塞型电涡流吸振器的动态电磁场分布和电涡流等效阻尼效应,并基于有限元法分析了永磁铁在不同运动速度下的等效阻尼效应。结果有限元法求解电涡流等效阻尼的精度更高,相对运动速度对等效电涡流阻尼系数有相应非线性影响规律。结论解析法认为的恒定磁场实际中是不存在的,等效电涡流分布和强度高度依赖于磁装置的运动特性。     

基于PT-IE的区域性企业整体应急准备能力评估分析

针对传统评估方法在评价区域性企业整体应急能力的过程中未考虑评价者心理偏好与风险因素之间的关系,提出了1种基于前景理论(PT)与信息熵(IE)的评价模型,并设计了企业生产安全事故应急准备能力评价体系。首先以区属整体企业为单位构建心理损益矩阵,然后运用信息熵理论修正指标权重结构,最后依据前景理论计算得出各区、各指标的综合前景值并以此分析排序。实例表明:影响各区企业整体应急水平的共性问题在于应急组织体系不完善和应急救援力量不足,该模型对政府监管部门有针对性的分析和加强地区企业整体应急建设水平具有一定的指导意义。     

A system dynamics urban water management model for Macau, China

Urban water resources have been facing significant pressure from population growth, urbanization, and climate change. A system dynamics urban water management model was proposed to simulate the dynamic interactions between urban water demands and society, economy, climate, and water conservation. The residents'' water conservation willingness was incorporated in the model and water-saving effects were quantified. The simulation results for Macau showed that population size was the main driving force for urban water demand. The change of temperature and precipitation has obvious effects on the landscape water demand. The water demand output is sensitive to the change in population, per capita demand, and temperature. Increased precipitation will reduce urban water demand and increased economic growth will increase water demand. By implementing integrated water conservation measures and improved water conservation willingness, water demand could be reduced by 17.5%.     

初始pH值和物料配比对高温混料厌氧发酵进程的影响

为了研究高温条件下初始p H对厌氧发酵进程的影响,以猪粪、玉米秸秆为发酵原料,设置3种比例(干物质质量比30∶70、50∶50、70∶30)下6个水平(6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0的初始p H值以及一个不调控初始p H的处理作为对照)进行批次发酵试验.结果表明,初始p H值和物料配比都会显著影响厌氧发酵过程的启动时间和甲烷产量.当初始p H值为7.0时,VS降解率趋于稳定.COD去除率随着粪便含量的增加而逐渐降低.高温猪粪玉米秸秆混合发酵最佳挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)/碱度比值范围为0.05~0.3;猪粪可以作为一种缓冲材料,适量添加可增大消化系统的缓冲能力.通过建模优化,预测出当初始p H值为6.95、猪粪/玉米秆为70∶30时,可得到每克挥发性固体最大理论单位甲烷产量169.22 m L·g-1.     

Water uptake of multicomponent organic mixtures and their influence on hygroscopicity of inorganic salts

The hygroscopic behaviors of atmospherically relevant multicomponent water soluble organic compounds(WSOCs) and their effects on ammonium sulfate(AS) and sodium chloride were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer(HTDMA) in the relative humidity(RH) range of 5%–90%. The measured hygroscopic growth was compared with predictions from the Extended-Aerosol Inorganics Model(E-AIM) and Zdanovskii–Stokes–Robinson(ZSR) method. The equal mass multicomponent WSOCs mixture containing levoglucosan, succinic acid, phthalic acid and humic acid showed gradual water uptake without obvious phase change over the whole RH range. It was found that the organic content played an important role in the water uptake of mixed particles.When organic content was dominant in the mixture(75%), the measured hygroscopic growth was higher than predictions from the E-AIM or ZSR relation, especially under high RH conditions. For mass fractions of organics not larger than 50%, the hygroscopic growth of mixtures was in good agreement with model predictions. The influence of interactions between inorganic and organic components on the hygroscopicity of mixed particles was related to the salt type and organic content. These results could contribute to understanding of the hygroscopic behaviors of multicomponent aerosol particles.