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33.
Forensic entomology 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Necrophagous insects are important in the decomposition of cadavers. The close association between insects and corpses and the use of insects in medicocriminal investigations is the subject of forensic entomology. The present paper reviews the historical background of this discipline, important postmortem processes, and discusses the scientific basis underlying attempts to determine the time interval since death. Using medical techniques, such as the measurement of body temperature or analysing livor and rigor mortis, time since death can only be accurately measured for the first two or three days after death. In contrast, by calculating the age of immature insect stages feeding on a corpse and analysing the necrophagous species present, postmortem intervals from the first day to several weeks can be estimated. These entomological methods may be hampered by difficulties associated with species identification, but modern DNA techniques are contributing to the rapid and authoritative identification of necrophagous insects. Other uses of entomological data include the toxicological examination of necrophagous larvae from a corpse to identify and estimate drugs and toxicants ingested by the person when alive and the proof of possible postmortem manipulations. Forensic entomology may even help in investigations dealing with people who are alive but in need of care, by revealing information about cases of neglect. 相似文献
34.
Charlotte Anne Nakakaawa Paul O. Vedeld Jens B. Aune 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(1):25-62
Using a map overlay procedure in a Geographical Information System environment, we quantify and map major land use and land
cover (LULC) change patterns in Uganda period 1990–2005 and determine whether the transitions were random or systematic. The
analysis reveals that the most dominant systematic land use change processes were deforestation (woodland to subsistence farmland—3.32%);
forest degradation (woodland to bushland (4.01%) and grassland (4.08%) and bush/grassland conversion to cropland (5.5%) all
resulting in a net reduction in forests (6.1%). Applying an inductive approach based on logistic regression and trend analyses
of observed changes we analyzed key drivers of LULC change. Significant predictors of forest land use change included protection
status, market access, poverty, slope, soil quality and presence/absence of a stream network. Market access, poverty and population
all decreased the log odds of retaining forests. In addition, poverty also increased the likelihood of degradation. An increase
in slope decreased the likelihood of deforestation. Using the stock change and gain/loss approaches we estimated the change
in forest carbon stocks and emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Results indicate a negligible increase in
forest carbon stocks (3,260 t C yr-1) in the period 1990–2005 when compared to the emissions due to deforestation and forest
degradation (2.67 million t C yr-1). In light of the dominant forest land use change patterns, the drivers and change in carbon
stocks, we discuss options which could be pursued to implement a future national REDD plus strategy which considers livelihood,
biodiversity and climate change mitigation objectives. 相似文献
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36.
Miguel C. Leal Stella A. Berger Christine Ferrier-Pagès Ricardo Calado Jay Brandes Marc E. Frischer Jens C. Nejstgaard 《Marine Biology》2014,161(9):2191-2197
Gorgonians are widespread sub-littoral benthic suspension feeders in the world oceans. However, data on their trophic ecology and role in benthic–pelagic coupling and biogeochemical cycles remain limited. This study assesses the trophic ecology of Leptogorgia virgulata in the Skidaway River estuary, USA (31.9896N, 81.0242W) by analysing carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of its soft tissue and different-sized fractions of particulate organic matter (POM) in its environment. Samples were taken in 5 April, 2 August, and 15 October 2012 and 11 January 2013. Results support a distinct temporal shift in the diet of L. virgulata from the POM fraction <10 µm (i.e. pico- and nanoplankton) to the 10–63-µm fraction (i.e. microplankton). This trophic regime is likely associated with the natural abundance of prey items within these size classes, thus suggesting that L. virgulata may be an opportunistic feeder, and seasonal shifts in food availability in the water column affect its diet. As such small prey items affect the bioenergetics of L. virgulata, it is important to understand the implications of changes in food availability associated with environmental drivers on the physiology and population dynamics of this dominant species in the western Atlantic Ocean. 相似文献
37.
Dietrich Mebs Georg Petschenka Werner Pogoda Stefan W. Toennes Jens Amendt Barbara K. Zajac Susanne Dobler 《Chemoecology》2014,24(4):159-164
The blowfly Lucilia bufonivora shows high host specificity for toads despite the host’s toxic skin secretion, which consists mainly of bufadienolides. These toxins are effective blockers of the Na+, K+-ATPase, an enzyme that is essential for many physiological processes in animals. Whereas common toad (Bufo bufo) toxins were identified in the larvae of the fly, few toxins were found in the pupae and empty puparia as trace amounts, while adult flies were entirely free of these toxic compounds. Similar results were obtained when larvae of generalist necrophagous blowflies (L. sericata, Calliphora vicina) fed on toad carcasses. Analysis of the Na+, K+-ATPase gene revealed no amino acid substitution at positions known to mediate resistance to bufadienolides in other systems. Alternative mechanisms of resistance such as efficient excretion of the compounds may enable the flies to use this poisonous food source. 相似文献
38.
Tommy Kristensen Anders Isberg Nielsen Anders Isak J?rgensen Kim N. Mouritsen Henrik Glenner Jens T. Christensen J?rgen Lützen Jens T. H?eg 《Marine Biology》2012,159(9):2015-2023
Male crabs infected by parasitic barnacles (Rhizocephala) are known to be morphologically feminized. Here, we investigate morphological chances in green crabs, Carcinus maenas, induced by the parasitic barnacle Sacculina carcini. Infected males acquire a broader, longer and segmented abdomen, fringed with marginal setae. Copulatory appendages and pereopods are reduced in length, and the chelae become smaller. The feminization show great individual variation. Males with scars from lost externae, the parasites reproductive organ situated under the abdomen, are less modified than males carrying an externa, and the feminization is more pronounced in smaller than in larger males. No super-feminization is evident in female crabs that remain morphologically unaffected by infection. The protective value of a parasitically induced enlargement of the male abdomen may constitute an adaptation that increases parasite longevity. The additional effects on male morphology are viewed as pleiotropic side effects of the main adaptive value of enlarging the abdomen. 相似文献
39.
Impact of bias in predicted height on tree volume estimation: A case-study of intrinsic nonlinearity
Bias originating from intrinsic nonlinearity in nonlinear models is caused by excess curvature in the solution locus of parameter estimates derived from least squares procedures. Bias due to intrinsic nonlinearity varies according to sample size as well as model specification. This paper analyses consequences of fractionising data into smaller sub-samples. Based on measurements of stem diameter and total tree height from the first Danish national forest inventory, it is demonstrated how data splitting at random may cause the intrinsic nonlinear curvature to exceed the critical F-value. Application of a Taylor-series expansion shows that, for all practical purposes, the bias in predictions of individual tree volume (based on stem diameter and tree height) is negligible. To minimize residual variance, intrinsic curvature and, in turn, prediction bias, it is recommended that data be stratified according to site conditions, stand characteristics or other relevant criteria. Finally, the preferred model should exhibit close-to-linear behaviour. 相似文献
40.
Ben B. Chapman Lesley J. Morrell Jens Krause 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(12):1757-1763
The environment is profoundly important in shaping many aspects of animal phenotype, including courtship and mating behaviours.
Courtship displays rely upon the transmission of visual information from the signaller to the receiver, which means they are
likely to be less effective in visually poor conditions such as at low light or in turbid ecosystems. One might therefore
predict that in visually poor environments it would be beneficial for individuals to plastically adjust their mating behaviour
to maximise mating success. Here, we investigate the impact of the developmental and current visual environment (light intensity)
upon male mating behaviour in the Trinidadian guppy Poecilia reticulata. Male guppies have two different mating tactics: They can court females with a visual sigmoid display or attempt to circumvent
female choice by attempting a non-consensual copulation (gonapodium thrust). We reared juvenile guppies in low light and relatively
high light intensities for 5 months before observing individual males for mating behaviour in both light conditions. We found
that the current light environment is important in determining the frequency of both sigmoidal courtship displays and non-consensual
copulation attempts. Males increase the frequency of sigmoidal displays at relatively high light and increase non-consensual
mating attempts at low light, suggesting that males compensate for poor visual conditions via an adjustment in tactics. We
also find a significant correlation in courtship effort between the different light environments, suggesting that there is
individual consistency across time and context for this trait. Developmental environment was less important. However, we found
that fish reared at lower light intensities continued to employ sigmoidal displays despite the poor current visual environment.
Our data show that male mating behaviour is phenotypically plastic in response to recent light environment. This may have
implications for understanding how animals cope with anthropogenic environmental change. 相似文献