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61.
Allan J. Perkins Hywel E. Maggs Jeremy D. Wilson 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2008,126(3-4):189-194
To assess the effectiveness of over-winter seed provision by agri-environment schemes, bird use of patches of seed-bearing crops was compared with that of other seed-rich habitats on 53 farms in eastern Scotland over three winters. Seed-bearing crops were the most frequently selected habitat, and held 28% of birds of the 10 species recorded. Outside schemes, cereal stubble was the most selected habitat and held 44% of birds. For nine species, seed-bearing crops were used by more birds than expected from the area of crop available in at least one winter, and five species were more likely to occur in first-winter patches, reflecting a greater abundance of cereal grain than in second-winter patches. For cereal grain specialists such as buntings, sowing cereal-based crops annually would ensure that grain is available in each winter, whilst either a 1-year or a 2-year crop would be appropriate for finches that favour oilseeds, and species with a more generalist diet. 相似文献
62.
The influence of regional and local processes on community structure is a major focus of ecology. Classically, ecologists have used local-regional richness regressions to evaluate the role of local and regional processes in determining community structure, an approach that has numerous flaws. Here, we implemented a novel trait-based approach that treats local and regional influences as a continuum, rather than a dichotomy. Using hylid frogs (Hylidae), we compared trait dispersion among members of local species assemblages to the trait dispersion in the regional assemblage from which they were drawn. Similarly, we compared trait dispersion in the regional assemblages to dispersion in the continental species pool. We estimated the contributions of local and regional filters, and we compared their strength in temperate and tropical zones. We found that regional and local filters explained 80% of the total variation among local assemblages in community body size dispersion. Overall, regional filters reduced trait dispersion, and local filters increased it, a pattern driven by particularly strong antagonistic effects in temperate zones that reduced the realized total variation by more than 40%. In contrast, local and regional filters acted in concert in tropical regions. Patterns within the tropics did not differ from the random expectation based on a null model, but within the temperate zone, local community filtering was stronger than expected by chance. Furthermore, in temperate regions, antagonistic regional and local filtering masked from 76% to 90% of the total variation in trait dispersion. Together, these results suggest that there are fundamental differences in the scale and identity of the processes determining community structure in temperate and tropical regions. 相似文献
63.
April E. Reside Ian Watson Jeremy VanDerWal Alex S. Kutt 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(18):3444-3448
Developing robust species distribution models is important as model outputs are increasingly being incorporated into conservation policy and management decisions. A largely overlooked component of model assessment and refinement is whether to include historic species occurrence data in distribution models to increase the data sample size. Data of different temporal provenance often differ in spatial accuracy and precision. We test the effect of inclusion of historic coarse-resolution occurrence data on distribution model outputs for 187 species of birds in Australian tropical savannas. Models using only recent (after 1990), fine-resolution data had significantly higher model performance scores measured with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) than models incorporating both fine- and coarse-resolution data. The drop in AUC score is positively correlated with the total area predicted to be suitable for the species (R2 = 0.163-0.187, depending on the environmental predictors in the model), as coarser data generally leads to greater predicted areas. The remaining unexplained variation is likely to be due to the covariate errors resulting from resolution mismatch between species records and environmental predictors. We conclude that decisions regarding data use in species distribution models must be conscious of the variation in predictions that mixed-scale datasets might cause. 相似文献
64.
Nikolai W. F. Bode A. Jamie Wood Daniel W. Franks 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(2):117-130
The theory of collective motion and the study of animal social networks have, each individually, received much attention.
Currently, most models of collective motion do not consider social network structure. The implications for considering collective
motion and social networks together are likely to be important. Social networks could determine how populations move in, split
up into and form separate groups (social networks affecting collective motion). Conversely, collective movement could change
the structure of social networks by creating social ties that did not exist previously and maintaining existing ties (collective
motion affecting social networks). Thus, there is a need to combine the two areas of research and examine the relationship
between network structure and collective motion. Here, we review different modelling approaches that combine social network
structures and collective motion. Although many of these models have not been developed with ecology in mind, they present
a current context in which a biologically relevant theory can be developed. We argue that future models in ecology should
take inspiration from empirical observations and consider different mechanisms of how social preferences could be expressed
in collectively moving animal groups. 相似文献
65.
Serge Guillas Anna Bakare Jeremy Morley Richard Simons 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(3):337-351
There is a need for decadal predictions of the seabed evolution, for example to inform resurvey strategies when maintaining
navigation channels. The understanding of the physical processes involved in morphological evolution, and the viability of
process models to accurately model evolution over these time scales, are currently limited. As a result, statistical approaches
are used to supply long-term forecasts. In this paper, we introduce a novel statistical approach for this problem: the autoregressive
Hilbertian model (ARH). This model naturally assesses the time evolution of spatially-distributed measurements. We apply the
technique to a coastal area in the East Anglian coast over the period 1846 to 2002, and compare with two other statistical
methods used recently for seabed prediction: the autoregressive model and the EOF model. We evaluate the performance of the
three methods by comparing observations and predictions for 2002. The ARH model enables a reduction of 10% of the root mean
squared errors. Finally, we compute the variability in the predictions related to time sampling using the jackknife, a method
that uses subsamples to quantify uncertainties. 相似文献
66.
Timothy B. Fredricks John P. Giesy Sarah J. Coefield Rita M. Seston Melissa M. Haswell Dustin L. Tazelaar Patrick W. Bradley Jeremy N. Moore Shaun A. Roark Matthew J. Zwiernik 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2011,172(1-4):91-112
Dietary exposure of house wrens (Troglodytes aedon), tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), and eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) to polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) near Midland, Michigan (USA) was evaluated based on site-specific data, including concentrations of residues in bolus samples and individual invertebrate orders and dietary compositions by study species. Site-specific dietary compositions for the three species were similar to those reported in the literature, but differed in their relative proportions of some dietary items. Oligocheata (non-depurated) and Brachycera (Diptera) contained the greatest average concentrations of ??PCDD/DFs of the major site-specific dietary items collected via food web-based sampling. Average ingestion values of ??PCDD/DFs from site-specific bolus-based and food web-based dietary concentrations for nestlings at study areas (SAs) were 6- to 20-fold and 2- to 9-fold greater than at proximally located reference areas (RAs), respectively. Average ingestion values of total 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQWHO???Avian) from site-specific bolus-based and food web-based dietary concentrations for nestlings at SAs were 31- to 121-fold and 9- to 64-fold greater than at proximally located RAs, respectively. Estimates of ??PCDD/DFs and TEQWHO???Avian tissue concentrations based on nestling dietary exposures were greater than those measured. Plausible explanations include nestling metabolism of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran and assimilation rates of less than the 70% assumed to occur over the nestling growth period. Profiles of the relative concentrations of individual PCDD/DF congeners in samples of invertebrates and bolus at SAs on the Tittabawassee River downstream of the source of contamination were dominated by 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (22% to 44%) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (18% to 50%). 相似文献
67.
Introduction
This study examined the impact of the British Petroleum (BP) Baker Panel Report, reviewing the March 2005 BP-Texas City explosion, on the field of process safety.Method
Three hundred eighty-four subscribers of a process safety listserv responded to a survey two years after the BP Baker Report was published.Results
Results revealed respondents in the field of process safety are familiar with the BP Baker Report, feel it is important to the future safety of chemical processing, and believe that the findings are generalizable to other plants beyond BP-Texas City. Respondents indicated that few organizations have administered the publicly available BP Process Safety Culture Survey. Our results also showed that perceptions of contractors varied depending on whether respondents were part of processing organizations (internal perspective) or government or consulting agencies (external perspective).Conclusions
This research provides some insight into the beliefs of chemical processing personnel regarding the transportability and generalizability of lessons learned from one organization to another.Impact on Industry
This study has implications for both organizational scientists and engineers in that it reveals perceptions about the primary mechanism used to share lessons learned within one industry about one major catastrophe (i.e., investigation reports). This study provides preliminary information about the perceived impact of a report such as this one. 相似文献68.
Elva J. H. Robinson Thomas O. Richardson Ana B. Sendova-Franks Ofer Feinerman Nigel R. Franks 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(5):779-636
Ant colonies are factories within fortresses (Oster and Wilson 1978). They run on resources foraged from an outside world fraught with danger. On what basis do individual ants decide to leave the safety of the nest? We investigated the relative roles of social information (returning nestmates), individual experience and physiology (lipid stores/corpulence) in predicting which ants leave the nest and when. We monitored Temnothorax albipennis workers individually using passive radio-frequency identification technology, a novel procedure as applied to ants. This method allowed the matching of individual corpulence measurements to activity patterns of large numbers of individuals over several days. Social information and physiology are both good predictors of when an ant leaves the nest. Positive feedback from social information causes bouts of activity at the colony level. When certain social information is removed from the system by preventing ants returning, physiology best predicts which ants leave the nest and when. Individual experience is strongly related to physiology. A small number of lean individuals are responsible for most external trips. An individual’s nutrient status could be a useful cue in division of labour, especially when public information from other ants is unavailable. 相似文献
69.
Elizabeth A. Langridge Ana B. Sendova-Franks Nigel R. Franks 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(3):447-456
Certain groups of organisms are capable of improving their collective performance with experience. In a recent study, we demonstrated
that, over successive emigrations, colonies of the ant Temnothorax albipennis are able to improve their collective performance by reducing the time taken to complete an emigration (Langridge et al.,
Behav Ecol Sociobiol 56:523–529, 2004). In this paper, by recording the performance of individually marked workers during
repeated emigrations, we were able to analyse some of the ways in which time gains are achieved. We found that: (1) those
transporters that also transported in the preceding emigration began to transport earlier in the current emigration and, in
the majority of emigrations, transported more items than those transporters that had not transported in the preceding emigration;
(2) the time that elapsed before the first item was transported into the new nest reduced over successive emigrations, and
this first item was, in the majority of emigrations, carried by a transporter that had also transported in the preceding emigration;
(3) the number of adults that were transported reduced over successive emigrations. Our results strongly suggest that the
behaviour of transporters that also transported in a preceding emigration may be modified as a result of their experience
and that, consequently, their efforts in the next emigration make a major contribution to the improved performance of the
colony as a whole. 相似文献
70.
Hawkins BA Diniz-Filho JA Bini LM Araújo MB Field R Hortal J Kerr JT Rahbek C Rodríguez MA Sanders NJ 《Ecology》2007,88(8):1898-1902