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21.
Jerome J. Schleier III Collin Preftakes Robert K. D. Peterson 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):621-625
The most important factor affecting efficacy and drift of pesticide applications is the droplet spectrum. To measure pesticide drift, researchers utilize fluorescent tracers to rapidly quantify spray deposition. Although fluorescent tracers have been used for more than 50 years, no experiments have been performed on the effect they have on the properties of pesticide formulations (density and viscosity) or droplet spectrum, which affect the drift of pesticides. Therefore, we examined the effect of an oil- and water-based tracer on the volume median diameter (VMD), viscosity, and density of oil- and water-based pesticide formulations. In addition, we experimentally fit and demonstrate the utility of using distributions to characterize pesticide droplet spectra. The addition of tracers to both water- and oil-based formulations did not significantly alter the VMD, viscosity, and density. Lognormal distributions provided the best fit for the water- and oil-based formulations with and without tracer. Our results demonstrated that the addition of oil- and water-based tracers do not significantly alter pesticide formulations properties and droplet spectrum, and most likely do not alter the movement of pesticide droplets in the environment. 相似文献
22.
Bazzi A Nriagu JO Inhorn MC Linder AM 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2005,7(12):1251-1254
A method is presented for the determination of antimony in whole human blood samples with an ICP-MS instrument using a quadrupole mass analyzer. A nitric acid/hydrogen peroxide open digestion procedure was employed for the blood sample treatment and preparation for analysis. The precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated by analyzing several Seronorm trace elements whole blood reference materials. The precision of the method at various antimony levels was better than 4% RSD and the recovery was greater than 92% at all levels. The detection limit, calculated as three times the standard deviation of the blank (3sigma, n= 12), was 0.03 microg L(-1). The method was successfully applied for the determination of antimony in blood samples from school children in rural areas of Kwazulu/Natal, South Africa and adults from Dearborn, Michigan. Blood antimony levels ranged from <0.03 to 3.82 microg L(-1) in children and 1.40 to 4.35 microg L(-1) for adults. 相似文献
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Stephanie Brittain Harriet Ibbett Emiel de Lange Leejiah Dorward Simon Hoyte Agnese Marino E. J. Milner-Gulland Julia Newth Sarobidy Rakotonarivo Diogo Veríssimo Jerome Lewis 《Conservation biology》2020,34(4):925-933
Social science is becoming increasingly important in conservation, with more studies involving methodologies that collect data from and about people. Conservation science is a normative and applied discipline designed to support and inform management and practice. Poor research practice risks harming participants and, researchers, and can leave negative legacies. Often, those at the forefront of field-based research are early-career researchers, many of whom enter their first research experience ill-prepared for the ethical conundrums they may face. We draw on our own experiences as early-career researchers to illuminate how ethical challenges arise during conservation research that involves human participants. Specifically, we considered ethical review procedures, conflicts of values, and power relations, and devised broad recommendations on how to navigate ethical challenges when they arise during research. In particular, we recommend researchers apply reflexivity (i.e., thinking that allows researchers to recognize the effect researchers have on the research) to help navigate ethical challenges and encourage greater engagement with ethical review processes and the development of ethical guidelines for conservation research that involves human participants. Such guidelines must be accompanied by the integration of rigorous ethical training into conservation education. We believe our experiences are not uncommon and can be avoided and hope to spark discussion to contribute to a more socially just conservation. 相似文献
25.
The optimal spatial design of protected reserves requires attention to the biological mechanisms underlying community organization, and sustaining ecosystem services. Identifying the key mechanisms is especially difficult in species-rich ecosystems. We investigate the example of the tropical rainforest, a biome that is under threat of continuing fragmentation, yet which shelters the majority of living species on Earth. Simple dynamic and spatially explicit simulations, which model the dynamics of plant communities, allow us to elucidate the interplay between patterns of fragmentation and seed dispersal mechanisms in maintaining biodiversity. 相似文献
26.
Jerome Wodinsky 《Marine Biology》2008,155(1):91-103
Copulatory behavior in the octopus consists of a patterned series of movements whose individual functions are not well understood.
Observations and experiments on mating in Octopus vulgaris and O. hummelincki from Bimini, Bahamas and Haiti were made over a number of years in the laboratory. The study reveals how the male octopus
reverses its spermatophore prior to transferring it to the female. The male’s terminal organ (penis) extrudes the sperm end
of the spermatophore as it exits from Needham’s sac up to the cap or filament thread and then, holding onto the cap thread,
inserts the ejaculatory end of the spermatophore into the groove of the hectocotylus, thus reversing it. It is hypothesized
that the primary function of the cap or filament thread, one part of the spermatophore, is to be a handle by which the reversal
and transfer is accomplished. The siphon is merely a conduit through which the terminal organ functions and plays no role
whatsoever in either the reversal of the spermatophore or in its insertion into the groove. The stimulus to which the male
orients to find the groove of the hectocotylus is the apex of the retracted interbrachial membrane between the third and fourth
right arms, which bears a fixed spatial relationship to the origin of the groove. A number of deviations from the successful
transfer process, which represent loss of sperm from the reproductive process, are illustrated. Despite these deviations,
the delicately balanced integration of the various movements serves to transfer the spermatophore to the female to ensure
reproductive success. 相似文献
27.
Jerome V. Shireman Douglas E. Colle Daniel E. Canfield Jr. 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1986,22(1):43-48
ABSTRACT: Twenty, 0.2 hectare ponds were utilized for a four-year evaluation of three aquatic vegetation control techniques: a combination of inorganic fertilization and mechanical harvesting, aquatic herbicides, and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Ponds used for herbicide and grass carp treatments were managed at three levels of aquatic vegetation (none, 40 and 70 percent plant occupation). Submersed vegetation was not controlled with inorganic fertilization. Vegetation levels were maintained for less than 30 days after mechanicai harvesting. Submersed macrophytes were not completely eliminated with herbicides, but the herbicide treatments utilized were effective at maintaining aquatic vegetation above 30 percent pond volume occupation. Grass carp consumed all species of submersed vegetation at the stocking densities used in this study; therefore, planned levels of submersed macrophytes were not maintained. Grass carp did not consume all floating leaf vegetation, but after four years some grass carp ponds did have lower densities of floating leaf plants. Fertilization costs were $608/hectare/year, and mechanical harvesting costs were $1979/hectare/year, resulting in a total aquatic vegetation treatment cost of $2587/hectare/ year. Herbicide costs for the different treatment levels ranged from $417/hectare/year to $1339/hectare/year over the four-year period. Grass carp were the most economical vegetation control measure tested, with costs ranging from $159/hectare/year to $248/hectare/year for the four-year study. 相似文献
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Jerome P. Harkins Ph.D. 《Environmental management》1977,1(1):9-13
The United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an important real and potential source of global environmental data. This paper describes some of its capabilities as they relate to the their R&D and their data centers. 相似文献
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