炼金区土壤中汞形态分布及其生物有效性

采用修正的Tessier方法和回归、偏相关等分析技术,研究了某金矿附近土壤中汞的赋存状态及其相互转化关系和生物可利用性.结果显示该区土壤中各形态汞的含量趋势为:有机结合态残渣态可交换态铁锰氧化态碳酸盐结合态,其中有机结合态汞所占比重最大在60%以上,是最重要的赋存形态;土壤中各形态汞不是独立存在的,内部存在一定的转化关系,如碳酸盐结合态汞可以转化成铁锰氧化态、残渣态的汞,而铁锰氧化态的汞与残渣态的汞之间却存在着一定的竞争关系,这种转化关系在外界条件的影响下处于一种动态平衡状态;土壤中的可交换态和有机结合态是较容易被植物吸收利用有效态的汞,其他形态汞被植物吸收较少.     

基于无人机高光谱遥感在太湖蓝藻水华监测中的一次应用

采用机载高光谱视频相机,在4个季节对太湖蓝藻进行7次、18个架次的有效拍摄。对拍摄到的高光谱影像进行辐射定标、几何拼接等预处理后,提取不同浓度蓝藻和水草等其他物体的高光谱数据,发现不同浓度的蓝藻光谱在680 nm后表现出较大差异。采用主成分分析（PCA）对高光谱数据降维后,结合k-近邻（kNN）分类算法,可实现对蓝藻的精准定位。定性识别结果经光谱预处理后,采用连续投影算法（SPA）进行特征波段提取,发现蓝藻光谱的季节差异主要表现在450 nm~570 nm和760 nm~910 nm波段。     

关于焦化行业CO2排放核算方法的探讨

本文分析了适用于焦化行业通用CO₂排放核算方法,在此基础上结合我国焦化行业工艺和原料的特征,采用排放因子法和物料衡算法等两种方法对10家典型焦化企业CO₂排放进行核算。结果表明:物料衡算法能很好地反映不同类型焦化企业的排放特征;排放因子法对我国独立焦化企业存在碳排放量系统性高估的可能。为此,建议我国焦化企业可借鉴德国焦化企业的碳核算经验,采用碳平衡法对不同类型的焦化企业(单元)的碳排放量进行核算,并完善相关的统计和监测技术。     

基于生态效益的武汉城市圈土地利用结构优化

满足生态安全的土地利用结构优化是协调社会经济发展与生态环境间矛盾、实现土地持续利用的有效途径。以武汉城市圈为研究区,基于2002～2009年土地利用变更调查汇总数据,引入土壤有机碳储量和土地利用绿当量两个生态指标,评价了城市圈发展不同阶段土地利用结构的生态效益;并通过TOPSIS模型对历年土地利用结构生态合理度进行了评价。在此基础上,以经济效益和生态效益的最大化为目标,构建了2020年多目标优化模型,获得了符合城市圈发展需求的土地利用结构优化方案,呈现“四增三减三稳定”的数量格局,且生态效益指标和生态合理度均呈正向的发展趋势;进而提出了土地资源可持续利用的建议。研究结果对武汉城市圈土地利用总体规划修编、土地利用调控方案的优化以及土地可持续利用具有重要指导意义     

碳中和时代下我国能量自给型污水处理厂发展方向及工程实践

基于碳中和背景及污水处理可持续、低碳运行理念,分析了我国污水处理厂不同水质、工艺类型、规模等条件下的能源消耗及能源回收特点,提出了以“碳改向技术+低耗高效复合脱氮技术+污泥厌氧共消化技术+污水热能回收技术+节能降耗技术”的污水处理新模式是实现我国能源自给型污水处理厂的关键,并提出我国污水处理厂实现碳中和应分为“完全能源自给”及“能源供应工厂”两个目标.此外,对基于此背景下建设的北京某再生水厂的理论能源自给情况进行了分析,结果表明,通过节能降耗、引入外源有机物、污水源热泵回收等措施,北京某再生水厂能源自给率由12.2%分别提高至17.1%、21.6%、84.7%.     

基于“人工智能”驱动的农村生活污水系统治理专栏序言

伴随流域水污染控制与治理工作的深入,农村分散生活污水治理逐渐成为制约流域水环境改善的关键.同时,农村生活污水治理是人居环境提升、美丽乡村建设以及乡村振兴战略实施的集中体现,事关广大农村居民的切身利益.本专栏是国家水专项“分散污水治理课题”团队近年来科研成果的总结,从污水治理的全生命周期角度出发,尝试通过人工智能赋能治理模式决策、“菜单式”工艺组合、设施运维与监管、长效管理等4个方面对研究和实践进行了梳理总结,构建基于人工智能驱动的农村生活污水治理决策支持系统,以期为北运河流域以及其他区域农村生活污水治理提供科技支撑.     

温压条件下不同含水高岭石对NH4+吸附的分子模拟

为研究高岭石对NH₄⁺吸附的微观情况,通过Material Studio软件对高岭石单胞进行收敛性测试后构建了4×2×1不同水化程度高岭石模型,采用量子力学和经典力学方法对模型晶胞进行了理论计算和吸附实验研究.结果显示,在交换关联泛函GGA-PW91,K点4×3×2,截断能600eV条件下,得到了高岭石稳定结构模型（误差<2%）;高岭石对NH₄⁺的吸附受温度影响明显,随温度升高,吸附量逐渐减少,与吸附实验结果一致;动力学结果显示吸附类型主要为物理吸附,吸附作用力为范德华力和库仑力.     

2016~2020年上海市PM2.5化学组成特征和来源解析

2016~2020年在上海市区和郊区的6个点位开展了颗粒物系统性观测研究,分析了PM_2.5的质量浓度以及水溶性离子、有机碳/元素碳、无机元素等化学组分,并利用正矩阵因子分解模型对PM_2.5的来源进行了解析。结果表明,上海PM_2.5浓度水平呈现下降趋势,年均质量浓度依次为46,43,37,40,39μg/m³,表现为冬高夏低,西高东低的时空分布特征。有机物在PM_2.5中占比最高(30%~32%),不同年份和季节间的差异较小。二次无机离子(硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐)的区域性特征明显,其中硝酸盐的占比在5a间升高最多,且在冬季污染过程中起到了关键作用。解析得到PM_2.5的来源有9类,分别为二次硝酸盐(30.6%)、二次硫酸盐(20.7%)、机动车(12.6%)、工业(8.0%)、生物质燃烧(7.7%)、扬尘(6.5%)、燃煤(5.8%)、海盐(4.8%)和船舶(3.2%)。机动车和船舶等移动源、秸秆焚烧和烟花爆竹燃放等生物质燃烧源的贡献浓度在研究期间呈现下降趋势,体现了相关治理措施的管控效果。     

Grazing greatly reduces the temporal stability of soil cellulolytic fungal community in a steppe on the Tibetan Plateau

Excessive livestock grazing degrades grasslands ecosystem stability and sustainability by reducing soil organic matter and plant productivity. However, the effects of grazing on soil cellulolytic fungi, an important indicator of the degradation process for soil organic matter, remain less well understood. Using T-RFLP and sequencing methods, we investigated the effects of grazing on the temporal changes of cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure in dry steppe soils during the growing months from May to September, on the Tibetan Plateau using T-RFLP and sequencing methods. The results demonstrated that the abundance of soil cellulolytic fungi under grazing treatment changed significantly from month to month, and was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soil temperature, but negatively correlated with soil pH. Contrastingly, cellulolytic fungal abundance did not change within the fencing treatment (ungrazed conditions). Cellulolytic fungal community structure changed significantly in the growing months in grazed soils, but did not change in fenced soils. Grazing played a key role in determining the community structure of soil cellulolytic fungi by explaining 8.1% of the variation, while pH and DOC explained 4.1% and 4.0%, respectively. Phylogenetically, the cellulolytic fungi were primarily affiliated with Ascomycota (69.65% in relative abundance) and Basidiomycota (30.35%). Therefore, grazing substantially reduced the stability of soil cellulolytic fungal abundance and community structure, as compared with the fencing treatment. Our finding provides a new insight into the responses of organic matter-decomposing microbes for grassland managements.     

Relationships between regulated DBPs and emerging DBPs of health concern in U.S. drinking water

A survey was conducted at eight U.S. drinking water plants, that spanned a wide range of water qualities and treatment/disinfection practices. Plants that treated heavily-wastewater-impacted source waters had lower trihalomethane to dihaloacetonitrile ratios due to the presence of more organic nitrogen and HAN precursors. As the bromide to total organic carbon ratio increased, there was more bromine incorporation into DBPs. This has been shown in other studies for THMs and selected emerging DBPs (HANs), whereas this study examined bromine incorporation for a wider group of emerging DBPs (haloacetaldehydes, halonitromethanes). Moreover, bromine incorporation into the emerging DBPs was, in general, similar to that of the THMs. Epidemiology studies that show an association between adverse health effects and brominated THMs may be due to the formation of brominated emerging DBPs of heath concern. Plants with higher free chlorine contact times before ammonia addition to form chloramines had less iodinated DBP formation in chloraminated distribution systems, where there was more oxidation of the iodide to iodate (a sink for the iodide) by the chlorine. This has been shown in many bench-scale studies (primarily for iodinated THMs), but seldom in full-scale studies (where this study also showed the impact on total organic iodine. Collectively, the THMs, haloacetic acids, and emerging DBPs accounted for a significant portion of the TOCl, TOBr, and TOI; however, ∼50% of the TOCl and TOBr is still unknown. The correlation of the sum of detected DBPs with the TOCl and TOBr suggests that they can be used as reliable surrogates.