Population structure and community characteristics of Acer catalpifolium Rehd北大核心CSCD

Acer catalpifolium Rehd., a critically endangered tree species with an extremely limited range of distribution, is one of the 120 plant species with extremely small populations, as approved by the state forestry administration of the People's Republic of China and requires urgent rescue action. In order to comprehensively understand the population status and the future developmental trend of A. catalpifolium, the plant communities were investigated from 5 sites, including Caishenmiao (CSM), Banruosi (BRS), Zhangshancun (ZSC), Fuhusi (FHS), and Baoguosi (BGS). The population structure of A. catalpifolium as well as the species composition and community characteristics of its habitat were investigated. The results showed that A. catalpifolium is mainly distributed in the evergreen broad-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests, in different community layers, namely, the tree layer, shrub layer, and herb layer, and is accompanied by 52, 74, and 52 plant species, respectively. Analyses of the distribution of population abundance revealed that BRS had the largest distribution of A. catalpifolium, accounting for 26.04% of the total population, followed by FHS, ZSC, BGS, and CSM, in that order. Analyses of the community characteristics revealed that the species diversity indices in FHS, BRS, BGS, and CSM were greater than that in ZSC. Analyses of the population age structure of A. catalpifolium revealed the gap in the distribution of the levels of seedlings and young trees. There were serious obstacles to the regeneration of the natural population. We concluded that the obstacle to the regeneration of the population of A. catalpifolium might be caused by the high competitive pressure from the dominant species and the micro-environment in the forest. Understanding the community characteristics and the population structure of A. catalpifolium could provide a theoretical foundation for its reintroduction and recovery. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

基于多元统计技术的赣江沉积物重金属污染评价

赣江是鄱阳湖重要入湖河流,为了解赣江流域沉积物重金属空间分布及污染状况,本文布设了29个采样点,对赣江沉积物重金属(Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Hg、W、Cr、Mn、Zn)含量和序列组分进行了测定及分析,并运用污染负荷指数(PLI)、地累积指数(Igeo)和潜在生态风险(RI)指数评价沉积物重金属污染程度.结果 表明,Mn、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、W、Hg和Pb的平均浓度分别超出本底3.8、4.1、5.2、3.0、22.7、5.0、11.8、1.6倍.其中,章江(Z)分布较高的Cu、As、Cd、Pb、Hg、W;桃江(T)分布较高的Cr和Mn;赣江(G)分布较高的Zn.所有采样点的PLI值均大于1,表明所有采样点均受到重金属污染;Igeo评价结果表明,赣江沉积物重金属Igeo依次为Cd(3.4)＞Hg(1.7)＞Zn(1.6)＞Cu(1.2)＞Mn(1.0)＞As(0.4)＞W(0.3)＞Pb(-0.1)＞Cr(-3.7);其中Cd的污染程度最高,Zn、Hg、 Cu,As、W、Pb为轻度污染,沉积物中Cr的Igeo＜0,表明赣江未受到Cr的污染.RI均值均大于150,表明赣江水系沉积物重金属均存在潜在风险,且赣江沉积物重金属污染对鄱阳湖构成严重威胁.     

膨润土团粒的压实性能研究

高放核废料深地质处置中,膨润土缓冲/回填材料需要满足低渗透性要求,实现阻滞地下水入渗和放射性核素泄漏的目标。增强膨润土防渗能力的常规方法是采用增大压实功提高其密实度,但该方法十分耗时耗能。为此,尝试从调整膨润土团(颗)粒级配角度,探究提高压实度的有效方法。首先,配置不同团粒级配和初始含水率的膨润土试样,再利用压力机压实到45 kN;最后,采用液氮冻干法干燥不同状态的试样,通过压汞仪获得其孔隙分布曲线。结果表明:相同压实荷载下(45 kN),干密度随含水率呈先增大后减小的整体变化趋势,含水率约为20%时压实效果最佳,其中O-B组合与A-B-3组合具有双峰特征;另外,通过调整团粒级配,压实效果显著提升,最大干密度由1.64 g/cm-3提高到1.72 g/cm³,其中A-B-3团粒组合效果最好。孔隙分布曲线表明,压实荷载只能压缩-3.59~0.188 μm-范围的孔隙,而对26 nm左右的孔隙没有影响。当含水率超过20%时,依靠增大压实荷载不能提高其压实度,但当改变团粒组合后,却可以有效提高其压实性能。     

工业源VOCs污染防控对策案例研究

挥发性有机物(VOCs)已经与氮氧化物(NOx)、颗粒物等成为我国典型城市群的主要大气污染物,其中工业源VOCs排放量大,是珠江三角洲地区影响最大的一类VOCs排放源。由于VOCs种类繁多,来源及转化生成臭氧的机制复杂,为解决此类复杂的VOCs污染问题,文章以东莞市作为珠三角典型区域代表,归纳总结了VOCs防控措施,分析了工业源VOCs治理的难点,有针对性地提出相关的有效对策建议,以期为大气环境质量管理和决策提供有益帮助,也为全国其他城市的VOCs污染防控提供借鉴。     

废弃钻井液作为沙漠改良剂的应用研究

油气田开发产生的废弃钻井液具有富含水、有机质和黏粒的特点,是改良沙漠土壤的有用成分,可用来提高沙漠土壤团粒和黏粒数量,提高土壤肥力。探讨了一种既能实现在沙漠、半沙漠草地环境下对废弃钻井液实现环境友好处理,又能提高沙漠土壤保水、保肥和增肥能力的沙漠改良技术。     

电袋复合型除尘器在电厂除尘改造中的应用

介绍晋北铝业自备电厂4台240t/h锅炉电除尘器改造成电袋复合型除尘器的方案、原理、运行情况,为国内燃煤电厂的电除尘器改造提供借鉴和参考。     

预处理-气浮-氧化沟工艺处理再生纸废水

介绍了预处理-气浮-氧化沟工艺在再生纸废水处理工程中的应用。运行结果表明:该工艺处理效果稳定,耐冲击负荷能力强,进水ρ(COD)、ρ(BOD5)、ρ(SS)分别为1542,654,2254mg/L时,出水分别为77,38,22mg/L,系统出水水质达GB3544-2001《造纸工业水污染物排放标准》。     

宜兴市清源污水处理厂升级改造工艺设计

宜兴市清源污水处理厂升级改造工程设计规模5×104m3/d,采用强化生物脱氮、机械微过滤(盘片过滤)工艺,利用现有池容进行内部改造,同时增加深度处理设施,提高出水标准,改造后出水ρ(COD)、ρ(BOD5)、ρ(SS)、ρ(NH3-N)、ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)平均值分别为34,6,5,1.3,10.3和0.36mg/L,各项水质指标均达GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准。     

Screening of phthalic acid esters in raw materials,premixes and feed additives

Phthalates are animal carcinogens and may cause death or tissue deformities. Samples of feedstuffs collected in 2005 and 2006 from industrial feed manufacturers in the Czech Republic were analysed for contamination with phthalic acid esters (PAEs), specifically di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Samples of feed additives, premixes and raw materials were collected (year 2005, n = 26). For soybean oil, the total volume of phthalates measured (DBP + DEHP) reached a level of 131.42 mg kg⁻¹; for rapeseed oil, fish meal and animal fats, the levels measured were 15.00, 7.96 and 58.87 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. The lowest level of DBP + DEHP was found in corn (2.03 mg kg⁻¹). Since phthalates were detected, samples of feed additives (n = 28) and raw materials (n = 28) were collected again in 2006. The highest levels of DBP + DEHP were found in raw materials containing fat. Phthalate levels in rapeseed oil samples ranged from 1.38 to 32.40 mg kg⁻¹ DBP + DEHP. For feed additives, contamination levels in vitamins and amino acids ranged from 0.06 to 3.15 and 1.76 to 4.52 mg kg⁻¹ DBP + DEHP, respectively. Here, we show that the levels of PAEs found in cereals such as wheat, barley and corn may be regarded as being alarmingly high, because cereals make up the largest proportion of compound feed of farm animals.     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定饮用水中的五氯苯酚

建立了高效液相色谱-质谱联用法检测饮用水中五氯苯酚（PCP）。选用ZORBAXXDB-C18柱（50mm×2．1mm,3．5μm）为分析柱,流动相为V（甲醇）：V（纯水）=88：12,流量为200μL·min-1;质谱条件选用气动辅助电喷雾离子源（ESI）,检测方式为负离子多离子反应检测（MRM）;PCP标准曲线线形范围为0．1～100μg·L-1;方法加标回收率达到90％以上;相对标准偏差为2-31％-2．92％（n=5）;方法检测低限为0．1μg·L-1。结果表明该方法快速、简便、准确、灵敏、特异,适用于饮用水中PCP残留的测定。