市政污泥掺烧对生活垃圾焚烧设施烟气中污染物排放的影响

与生活垃圾协同焚烧是污泥处置中最有前景的处置方式,但其对焚烧烟气污染物排放的影响尚未明确。利用生活垃圾焚烧炉开展生活垃圾协同处置市政污泥的试验,研究掺烧5%、10%和15%的市政污泥时焚烧烟气中酸性气体、烟尘、重金属和二噁英等的排放特征。结果表明:与单独焚烧生活垃圾的对照组相比,在各掺烧比例下,烟气中SO_2、HCl、NO_x及烟尘有一定程度的增加,但均未超过GB18485—2014《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》限值;Cu、Hg排放质量浓度明显下降,Cr、Cd波动下降,Pb在高掺烧比时仍远低于限值,Ni增长幅度小于15%;二噁英总量升高,但仍符合标准限值。因此,在掺烧比例不超过15%的情况下,焚烧烟气中污染物排放仍在安全可控范围。     

《环境监测 分析方法标准制修订技术导则》(HJ 168—2010)对土壤环境监测标准制修订适用性探讨

针对土壤环境监测的复杂性和特殊性,从空白试验、检出限、方法验证、质量控制和标准文本等方面,指出了《环境监测分析方法标准制修订技术导则》《HJ 168—2010》对土壤环境监测标准制修订工作的适用性和执行中存在的问题。提出,为保证土壤标准制修订质量和标准执行质量,应研究适宜土壤监测方法标准的质量控制指标体系和评价体系,及时修订《HJ 168—2010》或发布补充要求;对现有土壤监测方法标准进行技术评估,加强对于土壤标准制修订工作的指导和监管。     

Effects of Topographical Heterogeneity and Dispersal Limitation on Species Turnover in a Temperate Mountane Ecosystem: a Case Study in the Henan Province,China

Species turnover patterns can be inconsistent due to differences in the dispersal ability of different growth forms. Here, species of trees, shrubs, herbs, and bryophytes in the Xiaoqinling National Nature Reserve in China were analyzed to determine patterns of species turnover along an elevation and spatial gradient. Variance partitioning was used to assess the relative contribution of topographic heterogeneity and dispersal limitation to species turnover. Our results suggest that the effect of dispersal limitation is more important than topographic heterogeneity on species turnover in temperate mountane ecosystems in the study area. Dispersal limitation has a greater effect on trees species turnover than on shrubs, herbs or bryophytes species turnover.     

火力发电企业排污自行监测质量提升

针对目前火力发电企业排污自行监测过程中存在的质量管理体系不完善、手工监测能力不足、对外委监测机构监督环节薄弱等突出问题,从质量管理体系建设、质量控制机制建立、第三方检测机构选择及智能化手段应用四个方面提出火力发电企业排污自行监测质量提升改进建议,为自行监测数据结果的科学性、准确性提供可靠的质量保证。     

颗粒物对无电压作用下离子交换膜分离去除铜离子的影响

在无外加电压条件下研究了颗粒物对阳离子交换膜分离去除铜离子效果的影响。选用硅酸、二氧化硅、氧化铝和水杨酸等4种物质作为颗粒物分别进行实验,其添加量均为50 mg/L。Cu2+及其补偿离子K+的浓度分别为0.0787mmol/L(5 mg/L)和0.787 mmol/L,水温为25±1℃,搅拌强度为600 r/min,水力停留时间为12 h。在所述实验条件下运行96 h后,水中无颗粒物干扰时,铜离子去除率为84%;水中存在带负电荷颗粒物(硅酸)和不带电荷颗粒物(二氧化硅和氧化铝)时,铜离子去除率略为下降至81%;而当水中存在带正电荷颗粒物(水杨酸)时,铜离子的去除率进一步下降为79%。研究结果表明带正电荷颗粒物对铜离子的交换去除影响较带负电荷或不带电荷颗粒物大,因为带正电荷颗粒物更易迁移至阳离子交换膜表面甚至进入膜内,并与膜表或膜内离子交换基团结合,从而导致铜离子交换去除明显下降。     

硼氢化钠还原法回收电镀废液中的铜

采用NaBH4作为还原剂回收电镀废液中的铜。正交实验结果表明,各因素对剩余铜离子质量浓度的影响的显著性顺序为n(NaBH4)∶n(CuSO4)反应时间反应温度。最佳实验条件为:n(NaBH4)∶n(CuSO4)=1.50,反应温度30℃,反应时间25min。经该工艺可获得平均粒径为33nm的近球形立方晶系纳米铜粉,处理后废液中铜离子质量浓度低至0.2mg/L。在铜粉制备过程中加入非离子型表面活性剂可有效阻止晶粒长大,并提高其分散性能,使产物粒径均匀。采用苯骈三氮唑处理后的铜粉抗氧化能力明显提高。     

乌鲁木齐市噪声监测现状、问题及对策

简要介绍了乌鲁木齐市噪声环境监测工作的现状,在主城区选择了具有代表意义的点位,采用"定点监测法"与"普查监测法"进行监测,对影响乌鲁木齐市声环境质量的生活噪声、交通噪声、工业噪声和建筑施工噪声做了定点或连续(24h在线)监测。就存在的问题做了分析探讨,并提出了相应的对策建议,以期为进一步改进乌鲁木齐市噪声监测和管理提供参考。     

Determination of antibiotics in sewage from hospitals, nursery and slaughter house, wastewater treatment plant and source water in Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir in China

Sewage samples from 4 hospitals, 1 nursery, 1 slaughter house, 1 wastewater treatment plant and 5 source water samples of Chongqing region of Three Gorge Reservoir were analyzed for macrolide, lincosamide, trimethoprim, fluorouinolone, sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics by online solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results showed that the concentration of ofloxacin (OFX) in hospital was the highest among all water environments ranged from 1.660 μg/L to 4.240 μg/L and norfloxacin (NOR, 0.136-1.620 μg/L), ciproflaxacin (CIP, ranged from 0.011 μg/L to 0.136 μg/L), trimethoprim (TMP, 0.061-0.174 μg/L) were commonly detected. Removal range of antibiotics in the wastewater treatment plant was 18-100% and the removal ratio of tylosin, oxytetracycline and tetracycline were 100%. Relatively higher removal efficiencies were observed for tylosin (TYL), oxytetracycline (OXY) and tetracycline (TET)(100%), while lower removal efficiencies were observed for Trimethoprim (TMP, 1%), Epi-iso-chlorotetracycline (EICIC, 18%) and Erythromycin-H₂O (ERY-H₂O, 24%). Antibiotics were removed more efficiently in primary treatment compared with those in secondary treatment.     

Ambient TSP concentration and dustfall in major cities of China: Spatial distribution and temporal variability

Based on environmental monitoring data in 93 major cities and meteorological records at 398 weather stations in China from 1981 to 2007, total suspended particle (TSP) concentration, the intensity of dustfall, and sand and dust storm frequency (F_d) were analysed. During the past 27 years, the annual average TSP concentration (C_TSP) in 93 cities was 402 μg m^?3. Annual average C_TSP decreased from the north to the south and from inland to the coast areas with a peak value of 628.8 μg m^?3 in Lanzhou. In the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, annual average C_TSP was 628.7, 319.2, and 250.1 μg m^?3, respectively. Annual average intensity of dustfall (I_d) was 240.5 t km^?2 a^?1, decreased from northern to southern China and from inland to the coast areas with the maximum value of 717.2 t km^?2 a^?1 in Baotou. In the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, annual average I_d was 334.8, 220.9, 146 t km^?2 a^?1 respectively. Annual average I_d in the Loess Plateau region was commonly higher than 200 t km^?2 a^?1. The annual average F_d decreased from arid regions in northwestern China to humid areas in southeastern China with two sand and sand storm centers existing in Xinjiang Taklamakan Desert and western Inner Mongolia. The annual average F_d in the 1980s, 1990s, 2000s was 16, 8, 6 days respectively, decreased steadily from 18 days in 1981–5 days in 2007. Annual average I_d had a positive linear relation to annual average C_TSP (R² = 0.96). Annual average F_d had a positive relation with annual average C_TSP (R² = 0.97) as well as annual average I_d (R² = 0.94). TSP was the chief pollutant influencing Air Pollution Index (API) in northern China in spring and winter seasons. Sand and dust storm might be a major factor affecting the temporal variability and spatial distribution of TSP and dustfall in China.