Fe(Ⅵ)/Na2SO3体系降解阿特拉津效能

利用高铁酸钾活化亚硫酸钠(Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系),探究其对阿特拉津(ATZ)的降解效能;鉴别了反应体系主要活性组分,并考察了Na₂SO₃投加量、反应溶液pH值和水质背景成分对ATZ降解效能的影响.结果表明:当Fe(VI)和Na₂SO₃的投加量分别为50和200μmol/L时,反应10s后Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的降解效能达到74.4%,单独Fe(VI)(50μmol/L)和单独Na₂SO₃(200μmol/L)对ATZ的去除率仅为10.2%和7.5%.探针化合物和溶解氧作用等实验证实体系中主要的活性基团为SO₄^·-.在pH=8,Fe(VI)投加量为50μmol/L时,随着Na₂SO₃投加量的增大,Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的去除效率先增大后减小,其中最佳Na₂SO₃投加量为150~200μmol/L.Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系在pH 7~10的范围内,均可以快速降解ATZ.在天然水体中,Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系也可以高效降解ATZ,但是水质背景成分会竞争消耗SO₄^·-,导致Fe(Ⅵ)/Na₂SO₃体系对ATZ的降解效能降低.     

死亡藻细胞对水中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的吸附研究

本文选用死亡的短裸甲藻（Gymnodinium breve cells）和中肋骨条藻（Skeletonema costatum）细胞作为吸附剂,分析了其理化性质,拟合了对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（dibutyl phthalate,DBP）的吸附动力学和吸附等温线,探究了pH和离子强度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明:两种死亡藻细胞对DBP的吸附符合伪二级动力学模型,吸附过程以化学吸附为主,吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型,吸附过程为多层吸附主导的混合吸附;pH 从2.0至3.5时,两种死亡藻细胞的吸附量随pH的升高而降低,而pH从3.5至9.5时,吸附量随pH的增加而增大;NaCl浓度从0至0.05 mol/L时,两种死亡藻细胞对DBP的吸附量迅速增大,从0.05 mol/L升至0.50 mol/L过程中其吸附量基本没有变化。本研究证明了死亡藻细胞可以吸附水中的DBP,而且发现无细胞壁的短裸甲藻的吸附能力显著优于中肋骨条藻,研究结果对于死亡藻细胞应用于水环境中PAEs的去除具有重要意义。     

典型铬渣污染场地健康风险评价及修复指导限值

通过对青海某化工厂铬渣污染场地钻孔采样,分析了样品质地及铬含量,得到场地的水文地质及铬污染状况.根据场地区域生活现状,运用美国环保局健康风险计算模型,评估了现有条件下该场地对周边居民的潜在健康风险.同时,结合场地的修复目标,应用地下水溶质运移方程及土壤中Cr6+的解吸曲线,探讨了场地污染物的修复指导限值.结果表明:场地表层0～4m为黄土状土,4～22m为砾砂,铬污染区域面积约4×104m2;现有条件下场地Cr6+对人体的健康风险值为9.39,需要对Cr6+进行修复治理,而Cr3+的健康风险值在可接受范围内;通过计算得到场地表层0～4m黄土状土Cr6+的修复值为60mg·kg-1;4～22m砾砂Cr6+修复值为15mg·kg-1.     

大气污染的生物控制技术

生物控制技术是近几年来发展起来的大气污染控制新领域，具有较好的发展前景，随着其理论和应用方面的深入研究，生物控制技术必将在大气污染控制中发挥更重要的作用。该文介绍了国内外生物处理废气研究和应用的历史及现状，并分析了生物处理工艺的使用范围，设计要点，运行效果，指出了存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

沙尘天气对生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度及粒径分布的影响

为了解沙尘对生物气溶胶中微生物的影响,于2015年3~4月间分别在兰州和青岛沙尘期间运用分级生物气溶胶采样器连续采集了生物气溶胶样品,并利用DAPI染色-荧光显微镜计数方法测定了总微生物浓度.结果表明,沙尘发生时生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度显著增加(P0.05).兰州和青岛总微生物浓度晴天背景均值分别为5.61×10~5cells·m~(-3)和2.08×10~5cells·m~(-3),沙尘时平均浓度分别是晴天的14.8倍和6.42倍.晴天时兰州和青岛两地样品微生物粒径分布均呈双峰分布,最高峰值均出现在7.0μm的粒径上,最低值均出现在4.7~7.0μm的粒径上,浓度次高峰值分别出现在3.3~4.7μm的粒径上和1.1~2.1μm的粒径上.沙尘时粒径分布均发生明显变化,兰州仍呈现双峰分布,但其中一个峰值从7.0μm移动到1.1~2.1μm;而青岛粒径由双峰分布变为粗粒径偏态分布.兰州和青岛沙尘前微生物负荷的背景值分别是2 224 cells·μg~(-1)和1 550 cells·μg~(-1),而沙尘发生时,颗粒物的微生物负荷均大幅增加,最高值分别达26 442 cells·μg~(-1)和10 250 cells·μg~(-1),这说明沙尘天气发生时,微生物浓度的增加不仅仅是因为空气中颗粒物的增加,而是因为长距离传输的沙尘颗粒携带有大量外源微生物.     

基于替代模型的地下水溶质运移不确定性分析

为分析参数的不确定性对地下水溶质运移数值模型的影响,采用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)模拟对一算例进行分析,并从风险评估的角度对不确定性分析的结果进行了阐释.为减小计算负荷,利用Sobol'法对模型参数进行了灵敏度分析,筛选出较为敏感的参数作为随机变量,建立了模拟模型的克里格(Kriging)替代模型,进而实现Monte Carlo模拟.结果表明:置信度为80%时,井1,2,3浓度值的置信区间分别为23.46~42.06,47.99~66.73,69.54~82.94mg/L;结合风险评估,计算出地下水受污染的风险为0.54,可为地下水污染物防控与修复提供科学依据.     

沱江流域总磷空间排放特征及影响因素分析

沱江流域总磷（TP）减排对于改善三峡库区乃至长江流域的水体富营养化有着重要的作用。以2017年为基准年,基于沱江流域工业、农业和生活源TP排放数据,分析沱江流域TP空间排放特征及污染源排放贡献率;通过引入入河系数,测算沱江流域TP入河量,分析TP的代谢路径;利用Pearson相关分析和线性回归分析,揭示TP排放主要影响因素。结果表明：2017年沱江流域TP排放量和入河量分别为8 324.0和3 676.9 t。排放量方面,成都市TP排放量最大,其次为宜宾市和泸州市;畜禽养殖TP排放量最大,其次为种植业和城镇生活。入河量方面,成都市TP入河量最大,其次为宜宾市和乐山市;城镇生活TP入河量最大,其次为畜禽养殖和农村生活。水田面积、国内生产总值和人口规模是影响沱江流域TP排放的主要因素。     

苦咸水淡化技术综述

苦咸水淡化是解决水危机的一个重要途径。针对苦咸水的淡化水处理方法,分别介绍了不同方法的原理和优缺点。通过对各种方法的对比,提出CARIX工艺是一种环保、有效的苦咸水淡化技术。     

Quantifying the Effect of Ecological Restoration on Soil Erosion in China’s Loess Plateau Region: An Application of the MMF Approach

Land degradation due to erosion is one of the most serious environmental problems in China. To reduce land degradation, the government has taken a number of conservation and restoration measures, including the Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP), which was launched in 1999. A logical question is whether these measures have reduced soil erosion at the regional level. The objective of this article is to answer this question by assessing soil erosion dynamics in the Zuli River basin in the Loess Plateau of China from 1999 to 2006. The MMF (Morgan, Morgan and Finney) model was used to simulate changes in runoff and soil erosion over the period of time during which ecological restoration projects were implemented. Some model variables were derived from remotely sensed images to provide improved land surface representation. With an overall accuracy rate of 0.67, our simulations show that increased ground vegetation cover, especially in forestlands and grasslands, has reduced soil erosion by 38.8% on average from 1999 to 2006. During the same time period, however, the change in rainfall pattern has caused a 13.1% ± 4.3% increase in soil erosion, resulting in a net 25.7% ± 8.5% reduction in soil erosion. This suggests that China’s various ecological restoration efforts have been effective in reducing soil loss.     

Quantifying Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Dynamics in the Jinsha Watershed, Upper Yangtze, China from 1975 to 2000

Quantifying the spatial and temporal dynamics of carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems and carbon fluxes between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is critical to our understanding of regional patterns of carbon budgets. Here we use the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System to simulate the terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics in the Jinsha watershed of China’s upper Yangtze basin from 1975 to 2000, based on unique combinations of spatial and temporal dynamics of major driving forces, such as climate, soil properties, nitrogen deposition, and land use and land cover changes. Our analysis demonstrates that the Jinsha watershed ecosystems acted as a carbon sink during the period of 1975–2000, with an average rate of 0.36 Mg/ha/yr, primarily resulting from regional climate variation and local land use and land cover change. Vegetation biomass accumulation accounted for 90.6% of the sink, while soil organic carbon loss before 1992 led to a lower net gain of carbon in the watershed, and after that soils became a small sink. Ecosystem carbon sink/source patterns showed a high degree of spatial heterogeneity. Carbon sinks were associated with forest areas without disturbances, whereas carbon sources were primarily caused by stand-replacing disturbances. It is critical to adequately represent the detailed fast-changing dynamics of land use activities in regional biogeochemical models to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of regional carbon sink/source patterns.