低施磷水平下不同施肥对太湖地区黄泥土磷迁移性的影响

对太湖地区水稻土上长达13年的长期不同施肥处理的某试验田进行了土壤全磷、树脂磷和水溶性磷的测定分析.不同处理的年施磷量为0～53kg/(hm²·a),土壤全磷为0.3～0.5g·k^-1.根据土壤磷素的质量平衡,计算表明该水稻土存在的磷素流失量为2～8kg/(hm²·a),单施化肥下的流失量最大,为配施有机肥处理的2～4倍;水溶性磷的比率在0.2%～0.4%间,且不同施肥实践对其的影响不明显.但单施化肥有使亚表层树脂磷和水溶性磷含量提高的倾向.长期施用化肥配施大量鲜猪粪使树脂磷含量提高20～40 mg·kg^-1,但与长期施用化肥配施秸秆的处理一样没有发生在有机质增加下的磷活化而提高磷流失.这些说明本地区长期单施化肥的水稻土中可能存在强烈的磷流失,且水稻土磷流失并不以水溶解发生.为了防止水稻土磷的强烈水流失而加剧农业非点源污染,要避免长期单施化肥,而应坚持和推广配施适量有机肥.     

阳澄湖水源地健康风险评价及污染源分析

介绍饮用水水源受到重金属污染所致的健康危害的风险度计算模型,并应用于阳澄湖水源地饮水途径健康风险评价。在此基础上,选择阳澄西湖的下湖湾为研究对象,又进一步进行水源地重金属的来源分析,分别计算出重金属污染物经由河流汇入、底泥释放和大气沉降进入湖体的总量。结果表明：（1）基因毒物质镉所致健康风险为9．14E-06a^-1,并且远大于躯体毒物质所致的健康风险;（2）湖区工业是阳澄湖重金属的最大来源;（3）底泥释放也是一个重要的重金属输入方式。     

利用16s rDNA方法检测刺参消化道细菌种类

以2007年7月采自大连瓦房店养殖厂的刺参为实验材料,通过对刺参肠道中的细菌16s rDNA V3区基因进行扩增、克隆测序及序列同源性分析,对其种类进行初步研究。本研究测序获得11条16s rDNA V3区基因序列,并进行Blast同源比对,确定序列同源性,分析出11种细菌,三种梭菌属(Clostridium)细菌,两种为假单胞菌属细菌(Pseudomonas),一种产丙酸菌属细菌(Propionigenium),一种为金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus),有六种细菌分别与4种不可培养的未命名细菌同源,并根据测序结果建立系统发生树。本研究提供了一种检测海洋微生物的方法,为刺参病害诊断提供科学依据,为海洋微生物资源的开发和新种的发现提供了资料。     

Multi-factors influencing the spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils surrounding drinking water protection zone

We selected the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China as a case where an industrial area locates on the upwind corner to study the influence of human activities and natural processes on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. Soil PAH concentrations in the study area follow a log-normal probability distribution function, suggesting that distribution of PAH in soils was affected by human activities. Distribution of PAHs in soils was significantly affected by the point source that high PAH concentrations were observed in near industrial area with an obvious declining trend from the northwest to the southeast which was the prevailing wind direction in this area. Away from the influence of point source, distribution of PAHs in soils was found to significantly correlate with total organic carbon content, while the influences of agricultural land uses and type of soil texture on the total soil PAHs contents and ring compositions were quite limited. The results can provide some evidences and data on the pollutant accumulation in drink water protection area influenced by natural processes and human activities.     

太原市冬季不同污染程度下PM2.5的化学组成、消光特征及氧化潜势

为深入探究重污染地区气溶胶的消光特征和健康风险,于2019年冬季开展了太原市PM_2.5主要化学成分和氧化潜势的分析.采样期间ρ(PM_2.5)为（89.9±33.6）μg·m^-3,其中水溶性离子和碳质气溶胶分别占到43.3%和33.8%,浓度较高的组分依次为：OC>SO₄^2->NO^-₃>EC>NH⁺₄>Cl^->Ca²⁺.随着污染程度的增加,PM_2.5中有机物（OM）和矿物尘的占比下降了5.8%和11.2%,而SNA(NO^-₃、 SO₄^2-和NH⁺₄)的质量分数由33.9%显著增加到56.0%.基于IMPROVE公式估算,太原市冬季大气颗粒物的平均消光系数为（453...     

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: Opportunities and challenges

The growing water stress both in terms of water scarcity and quality deterioration promotes the development of reclaimed water as a new water resource use. This paper reviewed wastewater reuse practices in China, and the opportunities and challenges of expanding reclaimed water use were analyzed. Rapid urbanization with the increasing of water demand and wastewater discharge provides an opportunity for wastewater reuse. The vast amount of wastewater discharge and low reclaimed water production mean that wastewater reuse still has a great potential in China. Many environmental and economic benefits and successful reclamation technologies also provide opportunities for wastewater reuse. In addition, the overall strategy in China is also encouraging for wastewater reuse. In the beginning stage of wastewater reclamation and reuse, there are many significant challenges to expand wastewater reuse in China including slow pace in adopting urban wastewater reuse programs, the establishment of integrated water resources management framework and guidelines for wastewater reuse programs, incoherent water quality requirements, the limited commercial development of reclaimed water and the strengthening of public awareness and cooperation among stakeholders.     

Efficient removal of naphthalene-2-ol from aqueous solutions by solvent extraction

Naphthalene-2-ol is a typical biologically recalcitrant pollutant in dye wastewater.Solvent extraction of naphthalene-2-ol from aqueous solutions using mixed solvents was investigated.Various extractants and diluents were evaluated,and the effects of volume ratio of extractant to diluent,initial p H,initial concentration of naphthalene-2-ol in aqueous solution,extraction time,temperature,volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase(O/A),stirring rate and extraction stages,on extraction efficiency were examined separately.Regeneration and reuse of the spent extractant were also investigated.Results showed that tributyl phosphate(TBP) achieved 98% extraction efficiency for naphthalene-2-ol in a single stage extraction,the highest among the 12 extractants evaluated.Extraction efficiency was optimized when cyclohexane and n-octane were used as diluents.The solvent combination of 20% TBP,20% n-octanol and 60% cyclohexane(V/V) obtained the maximum extraction efficiency for naphthalene-2-ol,99.3%,within 20 min using three cross-current extraction stages under the following extraction conditions:O/A ratio of 1:1,initial p H of 3,25°C and stirring rate of 150 r/min.Recovery of mixed solvents was achieved by using 15%(W/W) Na OH solution at an O:A ratio of 1:1 and a contact time of 15 min.The mixed solvents achieved an extraction capacity for naphthalene-2-ol stably higher than90% during five cycles after regeneration.     

天津市城市扬尘及土壤尘单颗粒质谱特征

为探究城市扬尘及不同类型的土壤尘单颗粒质谱特征,使用SPAMS（单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪）对天津城市扬尘及不同类型土壤尘（菜地、果园、林地、农田）进行分析.结果表明:天津城市扬尘粒径在0.5~1.0 μm之间的占比较高;4种土壤尘在不同粒径段的分布略有差异,整体而言小粒径段（0.2~1.0 μm）占比低于大粒径段（1.0~2.0 μm）,说明土壤尘更易分布在大粒径段.在小粒径段,天津城市扬尘颗粒含有更多的碳组分及硫酸盐,大粒径段含有较多的金属、氯、硝酸盐、磷酸盐及硅酸盐组分.与城市扬尘相比,土壤尘中23Na+、46NO₂-峰强显著降低,39K+、35Cl-、42CNO-峰强增高,通过其峰强比值分布可将城市扬尘与土壤尘明显区分.与城市扬尘相比,土壤尘中含碳颗粒显著减少,同时出现钾类颗粒.城市扬尘作为一种混合源,含碳颗粒可能受多种排放源（机动车、燃煤等）影响,而土壤尘中钾类颗粒可能与农作物施肥有关.两种源类含27Al+、26CN-、35Cl-、42CNO-、46NO₂-、76SiO₃-、79PO₃-的颗粒占比均高于50%,其中40Ca+、46NO₂-和62NO₃-颗粒在天津城市扬尘中占比更高,76SiO₃-颗粒在土壤尘中占比更高,表明天津城市扬尘中更多的颗粒含有钙和硝酸盐组分,土壤尘中含硅酸盐颗粒较多.与机动车尾气、生物质燃烧等排放的颗粒物相比,天津城市扬尘及土壤尘中含97HSO₄-颗粒占比较低,表明天津城市扬尘及土壤尘颗粒中含有更少的硫酸盐,可作为将天津城市扬尘、土壤尘与其他源类区分的指标.      

太原市空气中硫污染物在植物体内积累的研究

太原市是我国污染最严重的城市之一 ,SO2 是污染的主要因子。文章对该市 5 4科 12 1种绿化植物作了调查 ,测定比较了 44种植物叶片的含硫量 ,在一年时间内逐月测定了国槐树枝条和叶片的含硫量 ,分析了硫化物在树体内积累的动态规律 ,为利用绿化植物净化污染提供了科学依据