高压静电处理水对活性污泥耗氧速率的影响研究

利用活性污泥微生物膜制成ＢＯＤ生物传感器,发现在经过一定时间高压静电处理后的缓冲液中,活性污泥降解有机物的能力可提高２０％以上,同一电压不同处理时间对微生物降解影响不同。处理时间过短或过长对微生物降解能力增加的影响都不明显,不同电压达到良好处理效果所需时间不同,较低电压所需时间较长,５０００Ｖ时约需６．０ｈ（信号响应达到初始值的１２４％）,而７０００Ｖ时约为４．０ｈ,结果表明,高压静电处理并接种活     

沉淀浮选法回收废液中稀土的实验研究

依据沉淀浮选法的基本原理,提出了从废酸中回收RE_2O_3的方法.用Na_2SO_4作沉淀剂,与RE~(3+)形成溶解度小的RE_2(SO_4)_3·xNa_2SO_4·yH_2O复盐;用月桂胺作捕收剂浮选回收,RE_2O_3的回收率达98％以上。用(NH_4)_2SO_4作沉淀剂分离废酸中的Ca~(2+),去除率达99％,从而使浓度为2mol/L的HCl废酸能循环使用。     

苏南太湖地区典型县、乡镇工业和农业对水体污染的预测及控制研究

本课题选择以经济发展水平一般的吴江县松陵镇为县办工业典型;选择以轻纺业为主、产值较高的沙洲县妙桥乡为乡镇工业典型。农药、化肥、厂矿污染则以吴县全境为观测调研现场进行研究。 这三个典型均分布于太湖流域的阳澄淀     

Revealing the GHG reduction potential of emerging biomass-based CO2 utilization with an iron cycle system

● Greenhouse gas mitigation by biomass-based CO₂ utilization with a Fe cycle system. ● The system including hydrothermal CO₂ reduction with Fe and Fe recovery by biomass. ● The reduction potential quantified by experiments, simulations, and an ex-ante LCA. ● The greatest GHG reduction potential is −34.03 kg CO₂-eq/kg absorbed CO₂. ● Ex-ante LCA supports process optimization to maximize GHG reduction potential. CO₂ utilization becomes a promising solution for reducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biomass-based CO₂ utilization (BCU) even has the potential to generate negative emissions, but the corresponding quantitative evaluation is limited. Herein, the biomass-based CO₂ utilization with an iron cycle (BCU-Fe) system, which converts CO₂ into formate by Fe under hydrothermal conditions and recovers Fe with biomass-derived glycerin, was investigated. The GHG reduction potential under various process designs was quantified by a multidisciplinary method, including experiments, simulations, and an ex-ante life-cycle assessment. The results reveal that the BCU-Fe system could bring considerable GHG emission reduction. Significantly, the lowest value is −34.03 kg CO₂-eq/kg absorbed CO₂ (−2.44 kg CO₂-eq/kg circulated Fe) with the optimal yield of formate (66%) and Fe (80%). The proposed ex-ante evaluation approach not only reveals the benefits of mitigating climate change by applying the BCU-Fe system, but also serves as a generic tool to guide the industrialization of emerging carbon-neutral technologies.     

Influence of hydraulic retention time on behavior of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in aerobic granular reactor treating biogas slurry

Longer HRT can enhance degradation rate of sulfamethoxazole in granular reactor. Longer HRT can reduce accumulated concentrations of TCs and QNs in sludge. Longer HRT may have increased relative abundances of ARGs in aerobic granules. The behavior of antibiotics and the corresponding resistance genes in aerobic granular reactors for treating biogas slurry under different hydraulic retention times (10.7 h, R1; 8 h, R2) was investigated in this study. The results indicated that the hydraulic retention time could affect the effluent concentrations and removal efficiencies of sulfonamides. The average removal rates of tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides were 63%, 46%, and 90% in R1, and 62%, 46%, and 86% in R2, respectively. Although the removal efficiencies of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones were similar in both reactors, the respective accumulated concentrations of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones in R1 were 7.00 and 11.15 µg/g SS, which were lower than those in R2 (8.92 and 13.37 µg/g SS, respectively). The difference in the relative abundance of target antibiotic resistance genes between both reactors was not significant, yet the average relative abundances of all target resistance genes in R1 were higher than those in R2 after 45 days of operation. The results of this study suggested that a longer hydraulic retention time could enhance the antibiotic removal ability of aerobic granular sludge, yet it may also increase the risk of surplus sludge utilization from a resistance genes point of view.     

Seismic vulnerability assessment of water supply network in Tianjin,China

The water supply network （WSN） system is a critical element of civil infrastructure systems. Its complexity of operation and high number of components mean that all parts of the system cannot be simply assessed. Earthquakes are the most serious natural hazard to a WSN, and seismic risk assessment is essential to identify its vulnerability to different stages of damage and ensure the system safety. In this paper, using a WSN located in the airport area of Tianjin in northern China as a case study, a quantitative vulnerability assessment method was used to assess the damage that the water supply pipelines would suffer in an earthquake, and the finite element software ABAQUS and fuzzy mathematic theory were adopted to construct the assessment method. ABAQUS was applied to simulate the seismic damage to pipe segments and components of the WSN. Membership functions based on fuzzy theory were established to calculate the membership of the components in the system. However, to consider the vulnerability of the whole system, fuzzy cluster analysis was used to distinguish the importance of pipe segments and components. Finally, the vulnerability was quantified by these functions. The proposed methodology aims to assess the performance of WSNs based on pipe vulnerabilities that are simulated and calculated by the model and the mathematical method based on data of damage. In this study, a whole seismic vulnerability assessment method for a WSN was built, and these analyses are expected to provide necessary information for a mitigation plan in an earthquake disaster.     

Evaluation of countermeasures for red light running by traffic simulator–based surrogate safety measures

Objective: The conflicts among motorists entering a signalized intersection with the red light indication have become a national safety issue. Because of its sensitivity, efforts have been made to investigate the possible causes and effectiveness of countermeasures using comparison sites and/or before-and-after studies. Nevertheless, these approaches are ineffective when comparison sites cannot be found, or crash data sets are not readily available or not reliable for statistical analysis. Considering the random nature of red light running (RLR) crashes, an inventive approach regardless of data availability is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of each countermeasure face to face.

Method: The aims of this research are to (1) review erstwhile literature related to red light running and traffic safety models; (2) propose a practical methodology for evaluation of RLR countermeasures with a microscopic traffic simulation model and surrogate safety assessment model (SSAM); (3) apply the proposed methodology to actual signalized intersection in Virginia, with the most prevalent scenarios—increasing the yellow signal interval duration, installing an advance warning sign, and an RLR camera; and (4) analyze the relative effectiveness by RLR frequency and the number of conflicts (rear-end and crossing).

Results: All scenarios show a reduction in RLR frequency (?7.8, ?45.5, and ?52.4%, respectively), but only increasing the yellow signal interval duration results in a reduced total number of conflicts (?11.3%; a surrogate safety measure of possible RLR-related crashes). An RLR camera makes the greatest reduction (?60.9%) in crossing conflicts (a surrogate safety measure of possible angle crashes), whereas increasing the yellow signal interval duration results in only a 12.8% reduction of rear-end conflicts (a surrogate safety measure of possible rear-end crash).

Conclusions: Although increasing the yellow signal interval duration is advantageous because this reduces the total conflicts (a possibility of total RLR-related crashes), each countermeasure shows different effects by RLR-related conflict types that can be referred to when making a decision. Given that each intersection has different RLR crash issues, evaluated countermeasures are directly applicable to enhance the cost and time effectiveness, according to the situation of the target intersection. In addition, the proposed methodology is replicable at any site that has a dearth of crash data and/or comparison sites in order to test any other countermeasures (both engineering and enforcement countermeasures) for RLR crashes.     

混凝—气浮工艺处理有机物污染地下水现场中试试验

对某农药厂原厂区的有机污染地下水的水质特征进行了分析,采用小试确定了药剂投加量,并采用中试装置考察了混凝—气浮工艺的去除效果。小试结果表明,聚合氯化铝（PAC）的最佳投加量为300 mg/L,聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）的最佳投加量为3 mg/L。中试运行结果表明,当进水流量为0.25 ~1.00 m3/h时,对浊度的去除率为82.66%~90.13%,对悬浮固体的去除率为80.12%~90.11%;碳原子数在10~28范围内的石油烃的平均去除率为38.96%~51.46%;1,2-二氯乙烷、2-甲基萘、苯、萘、甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的平均去除率分别为17.76%,67.49%,48.70%,54.56%,37.24%,62.53%。     

Chemical content and source apportionment of 36 heavy metal analysis and health risk assessment in aerosol of Beijing

The concentration levels of 36 airborne heavy metals and atmospheric radioactivity in total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were measured to investigate the chemical characteristics, potential sources of aerosols, and health risk in Beijing, China, from September 2016 to September 2017. The TSP concentrations varied from 6.93 to 469.18 μg/m³, with a median of 133.97 μg/m³. The order for the mean concentrations of heavy metals, known as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), was as follows: Mn > Pb > As > Cr > Ni > Se > Cd > Co > Sb > Hg > Be; Non-Designated HAPs Metals: Ca > Fe > Mg > Al > K > Na > Zn > P > Ba > Ti > Cu > Sr > B > Sn > I > V > Rb > Ce > Mo > Cs > Th > Ag > U > Pt. The median concentration of As was higher than China air quality standard (6 ng/m³). The gross α and β concentration levels in aerosols were (1.84?±?1.59) mBg/m³ and (1.15?±?0.85) mBg/m³, respectively. The enrichment factor values of Cu, Ba, B, Ce, Tl, Cs, Pb, As, Cd, Sb, Hg, Fe, Zn, Sn, I, Mo, and Ag were higher than 10, which indicated enriched results from anthropogenic sources. Pb, As, and Cd are considered to originate from multiple sources; fireworks released Ba during China spring festival; Fe, Ce, and Cs may come from stable emissions such as industrial gases. The health risks from anthropogenic metals via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal pathway were estimated on the basis of health quotient as well as the results indicated that children faced the higher risk than adults during the research period. For adults, the health risk posed by heavy metals in atmospheric particles was below the acceptable level.