远安县林业深度开发若干问题的研究

本文针对远安县林业生产的现状,论述了进行林业深度开发的可能性与可行性,并就如何进行林业深度开发提出了几点建设性意见。     

陕西渭北煤矿区地质灾害浅析

渭北煤矿区是陕西省的重要煤炭生产基地,随着矿区的开发,地质环境日趋恶化,地质灾害亦日渐增多。矿区地质灾害既普遍又严重,主要类型有:地震、活动断裂、滑坡、地面裂陷、泥石流及土壤侵蚀等。其内力型地质灾害主要受新构造运动所控制,而外力型地质灾害多与人类活动有关,即与矿区开发有关。     

长江三角洲区域发展与人口,资源,环境

历史时期,长江三角洲地区经济发展,具有与人口增长基本同步的三个发展时期。在此过程中,人口增长因素,在不同历史时期,对区域发展起着各具特色的作用。南北朝以来,人口增长过快而产生一系列人口、资源、环境失衡问题,其中某些如水域环境变化等,对当今区域经济的发展,仍然起着深刻的作用与影响。当今随着经济的纵深发展,在历史问题基础上,深化产生了许多新问题,使人口、资源、环境关系更为复杂。对此必须抓住人口增长这个主要方面,挖掘资源潜力,统一规划,加强管理,使自然-社会-经济系统的各个方面处于最佳协调状态,控制熵增,以求区域环境的久治长安、区域经济的持续增长。     

Intercomparison of Satellite Remote Sensing‐Based Flood Inundation Mapping Techniques

The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of five different digital image processing techniques to map flood inundation extent with Landsat 8–Operational Land Imager satellite imagery. The May 2016 flooding event in the Hempstead region of the Brazos River, Texas is used as a case study for this first comprehensive comparison of classification techniques of its kind. Five flood water classification techniques (i.e., supervised classification, unsupervised classification, delta‐cue change detection, Normalized Difference Water Index [NDWI], modified NDWI [MNDWI]) were implemented to characterize flooded regions. To identify flood water obscured by cloud cover, a digital elevation model (DEM)–based approach was employed. Classified floods were compared using an Advanced Fitness Index to a “reference flood map” created based on manual digitization, as well as other data sources, using the same satellite image. Supervised classification yielded the highest accuracy of 86.4%, while unsupervised, MNDWI, and NDWI closely followed at 79.6%, 77.3%, and 77.1%, respectively. Delta‐cue change detection yielded the lowest accuracy with 70.1%. Thus, supervised classification is recommended for flood water classification and inundation map generation under these settings. The DEM‐based approach used to identify cloud‐obscured flood water pixels was found reliable and easy to apply. It is therefore recommended for regions with relatively flat topography.     

Pretreatment of cyanided tailings by catalytic ozonation with Mn2+/O3

The increasing amount of cyanided tailings produced as a by-product has gained significant attention in recent years because of the rapid development of the gold industry and extensive exploitation of gold mineral resources. The effective use of these secondary resources is becoming an important and urgent problem for all environmental protection staff. Manganese-catalyzed ozonation for the pre-oxidation of cyanided tailings was studied and the effects of Mn2+dosage, initial sulfuric acid concentration, ozone volume flow, temperature and agitation speed on pretreatment were examined. The optimum reaction conditions were observed to be: ore pulp density 2.5%, agitation speed 700 r/min,temperature 60°C, Mn2+dosage 40 g/L, ozone volume flow 80 L/hr, initial sulfuric acid concentration 1 mol/L, and reaction time 6 hr. Under these conditions, the leaching rate of Fe and weight loss could reach 94.85% and 48.89% respectively. The leaching process of cyanided tailings by Mn2+/O3 was analyzed, and it was found that the leaching of pyrite depends on synergetic oxidation by high-valent manganese and O3, in which the former played an important part.     

Pretreatment of cyanided tailings by catalytic ozonation with Mn/O

The increasing amount of cyanided tailings produced as a by-product has gained significant attention in recent years because of the rapid development of the gold industry and extensive exploitation of gold mineral resources. The effective use of these secondary resources is becoming an important and urgent problem for all environmental protection staff. Manganese-catalyzed ozonation for the pre-oxidation of cyanided tailings was studied and the effects of Mn^2 + dosage, initial sulfuric acid concentration, ozone volume flow, temperature and agitation speed on pretreatment were examined. The optimum reaction conditions were observed to be: ore pulp density 2.5%, agitation speed 700 r/min, temperature 60°C, Mn^2 + dosage 40 g/L, ozone volume flow 80 L/hr, initial sulfuric acid concentration 1 mol/L, and reaction time 6 hr. Under these conditions, the leaching rate of Fe and weight loss could reach 94.85% and 48.89% respectively. The leaching process of cyanided tailings by Mn^2 +/O³ was analyzed, and it was found that the leaching of pyrite depends on synergetic oxidation by high-valent manganese and O³, in which the former played an important part.     

业务持续规划及其在我国防灾事业的应用展望

突发性灾害事件威胁着城市的发展,面对越来越严峻的防灾减灾形势,欧美、日本等发达国家的业务持续规划(Business Continuity Plan,BCP)在城市公共安全建设中发挥着越来越重要的作用。依据欧美和日本制定的BCP规范、指南以及规划成果,系统介绍了BCP的内涵、特点及内容,并探讨了与其他城市防灾减灾相关规划的关系,最后介绍了目前BCP在国外的发展情况、在城市防灾中的作用和效果,并总结BCP对我国城市公共安全建设和灾害应急管理的启示,以及未来在我国的应用展望。目前我国尚未将BCP运用于城市防灾减灾中,而这种新规划的防灾减灾观点和做法都值得我们学习和借鉴,将来应将其应用范围拓展。     

北京道路交通环境亚微米颗粒物元素组成特征及来源分析

于2011年12月和2012年8月对北京北四环道路交通环境中亚微米颗粒物(PM1)进行了采样,并对PM1的质量浓度、元素组成及主要来源进行了分析.夏季非灰霾时段PM1日平均浓度为(52.5±29.9)μg·m-3,灰霾时段PM1浓度增加到(154.2±36.3)μg·m-3;冬季非灰霾时段PM1日均浓度为(59.6±32.5)μg·m-3.采用X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)对颗粒物中元素进行分析,共得到Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、S、Cl、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Ba和Pb等21种元素的质量浓度.其中S、Cl、K、Na、Si、Zn、Fe和Ca等8种元素含量较高,占测试元素质量浓度90%以上.污染元素浓度呈现显著的季节差异,夏季S元素浓度较高,冬季As、Cl、K、Pb、Mn、V、Cd和P等元素浓度较高.应用富集因子法发现,PM1相对PM2.5能够更好地反映人为源的元素污染特征.应用因子分析法分析出PM1的3个元素浓度贡献主成分因子:因子1反映燃煤、交通源排放和生物质燃烧,因子2反映道路及建筑扬尘贡献,因子3反映机动车排放和工业排放.因子1和因子3之和的夏季和冬季贡献比例分别高达46.8%和68.3%,表明来自机动车、燃煤、生物质燃烧等重要人为源对道路交通环境PM1浓度的贡献显著高于其他来源.灰霾期间S、As、Pb等污染元素浓度明显高于非灰霾期间,地壳元素在灰霾期间无明显浓度变化.     

基于系统动力学的震后救援药品动态需求研究

地震灾害严重威胁社会经济发展和人民生命财产安全,震后救援药品动态需求研究对提高救援效率,挽救人民生命至关重要。建筑物倒塌压埋是造成震后人员受伤的主要原因,因此从震后建筑物倒塌救援过程入手,运用系统动力学方法建立了震后建筑物倒塌救援因果关系模型与震后建筑物倒塌救援流量存量图,主要考虑了建筑物倒塌压埋、地震救援投入、医疗投入等因素对伤员人数的影响。运用Vensim软件对流图进行编程仿真,得出伤员随时间的数量变化,根据救援药品日剂量得到各救援药品的需求量,从而辅助震后救援药品的动态需求决策。     

危险化学品活性反应危害及混配危险的规则研究(XIV)

第五十三类无机酸 活性特点: 凡是在水中能电离产生水合氢离子的化合物称为酸.酸的性质主要是H 的性质,表现为酸碱中和反应,也可以认为是H 和OH-的反应.酸与金属(如钾、钠、钙、镁、铝、锰、锌、铁、钼、锡等)接触时产生氢气,能引起着火或爆炸.酸的活性除表现为酸性外,主要危害是强腐蚀性.同时,大多数含氧无机酸还主要表现为它们的氧化性,如氯酸、高氯酸、氯磺酸、铬酸、硫酸、过一硫酸、高锰酸、硝酸等,均为强氧化剂.