Development of an on-line measurement system for water-soluble organic matter in PM2.5 and its application in China

Water-soluble organic matter(WSOM) represents a critical fraction of fine particles(PM_(2.5))in the air, but its changing behaviors and formation mechanisms are not well understood yet, partly due to the lack of fast techniques for the ambient measurements. In this study,a novel system for the on-line measurement of water-soluble components in PM_(2.5), the particle-into-liquid sampler(PILS)–Nebulizer–aerosol chemical speciation monitor(ACSM), was developed by combining a PILS, a nebulizer, and an ACSM. High time resolution concentrations of WSOM, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and chloride, as well as mass spectra, can be obtained with satisfied quality control results. The system was firstly applied in China for field measurement of WSOM. The mass spectrum of WSOM was found to resemble that of oxygenated organic aerosol, and WSOM agreed well with secondary inorganic ions. All evidence collected in the field campaign demonstrated that WSOM could be a good surrogate of secondary organic aerosol(SOA). The PILS–Nebulizer–ACSM system can thus be a useful tool for intensive study of WSOM and SOA in PM_(2.5).     

酸性甲醛改性对花生壳吸附重金属离子的影响

花生壳的酸性甲醛改性对重金属离子的吸附有较大影响.改性过程使花生壳中一些含有羟基、羧基、芳香环、C-O和C-O-C键的混合物被脱除.改性后花生壳的等电点略有升高,而和羧基有关的表面负电荷量则明显降低.混合物的脱除使Pb2 的吸附量明显降低,Cr3 、Cu2 的吸附量改变不大.改性使羧基减少的同时也暴露了新的Cr3 、Cu2 的吸附位点.改性还有利于增加重金属离子在花生壳内孔中的传质速率,从而使吸附达到平衡的时间略有减少.     

木屑和花生壳吸附去除水溶液中Cr^3＋的试验研究

以废弃物木屑和花生壳作为吸附剂，进行了吸附去除水中Cr^3＋的试验。研究了溶液pH值、初始Cr^3＋浓度以及温度等因素对这2种吸附剂去除Cr^3＋作用的影响，对吸附曲线作了线性拟合，确定了相应的平衡吸附率，在Cr^3＋初始浓度为1、5、10和20mg／L时，木屑对Cr^3＋的平衡吸附率为81％、68％、56％和40％，花生壳依次为77％、63％、53％和42％，并探讨了这2种吸附剂对溶液中Cr^3＋的吸附机理。     

AN EMPIRICAL MODEL OF FATALITIES AND INJURIES DUE TO FLOODS IN JAPAN1

ABSTRACT: This paper provides a framework for analyzing flood fatalities and injuries, and it describes the derivation of a generalized flood risk (i.e., flood consequences and their probabilities) function by introducing an integrated index (the number of residential buildings affected by a flood) that represents the major change in the power relation among the flood intensity, regional vulnerability, and resilience. Both the probabilities and the numbers of fatalities and injuries clearly increase significantly after the flood severity (in terms of the number of inundated buildings) passes a branch point. Below the branch point, it is still possible for fatalities and injuries to occur because of the variability in the data and the uncertainty in the predicted fatality values. The empirical models of fatalities and injuries due to floods in Japan suggested the usefulness in predicting fatalities and injuries and evaluating the efficacy of the warning or other emergency response measures.     

用酚渣油制备酚渣油树脂

用酚渣油为原料，模拟酚醛树脂合成方法，对酚渣油的催化交联、松香改性等化学过程进行了研究，合成出性能良好、可用于制备涂料与胶粘剂的酚渣油树脂。试验结果表明，依照该工艺生产的酚渣油树脂，其主要技术指标达到制备涂料用酚醛树脂的标准，用酚渣油制备的涂料和胶粘剂的性能优于酚醛树脂。     

水膜除尘装置的技术改造

针对水膜除尘器在实际应用中存在的除尘效率低，风机带水，系统阻力大等问题，在分析原因的基础上，对文丘里洗涤器、除尘器等进行了技术改造。实践证明，改造后除尘器的除尘效率达到95％，烟尘质量浓度为72－93mg/m^3，低于国家排放标准。     

幔源含金流体主动就位与容矿断裂形成机制

基于石英包裹体成分测定、容矿断裂形成机制的理论分析、高温高压实验研究、动力学数学公式举例、含金流体瞬间就位过程及容矿断裂形成环境的探讨 ,提出了幔源含金流体主动就位机制。幔源流体萃取围岩金质并由导矿构造进入容矿断裂过程中 ,依自身扩张力或贯入力使岩石发生破裂 ,容矿断裂的产生和含矿流体沉淀近于同时形成。这为金矿脉与基性 -超基性脉岩的关系、金矿脉在空间呈有规律性分布和建立模式的研究增加了新的内容。     

农药残毒速测箱的研制和应用

近年来,因食用受农药严重污染的蔬菜水果而造成的急性中毒事故屡有发生.为了保障消费者健康,必须加强农药残留的检测.目前普遍使用的气相色谱法是一种较好的分离测试技术.但因耗费的时间长,不能及时得出结果,难以起到保护消费者健康的作用.因此,迫切需要解决快速检测的问题.文献[1],[2]报道了用化学显色试纸法测定蔬菜中六六六和DDT,但此法不能测定有机磷(OPs)和氨基甲酸酯类农药.美国1985年研制出一种称之为农药检测器(Detector)的酶片(Enzyme Ticket),用来检测水中OPs和氨基甲酸酯农药,其灵敏度在0.1—10ppm范围.在国内尚未见到有类似报道.     

烟台市养虾废水排放及控制

本文通过对人工养殖对虾的生长过程中废水排水排放量及以ＣＯＤ为主要污染因子的污染物排放量的现场调查和则，基本摸清了对虾养殖业对烟台近海海域的污染贡献。同时结合当地实际情况，讨论了控制措施。     

综合生物塘处理城镇污水研究

报道了一种新的高效低能耗的污水处理塘系统的中试研究结果。本生物塘系统分为三个功能区域，分别为污水净化区，水质修饰区和综合利用区，水生维管束植物呈带状分布于塘系统中，在时间上和空间上进行不同搭配组合。较之传统氧化塘和一般的水生植物塘、综合生物塘的处理效果较好。ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ、ＴＳＳ、氮、磷等污染组分法除效率较高，细菌，病毒及诱变活性明显下降，在污水净化的同时，收获大量的水生植物及鱼，蚌等水产品，水质