ISO14000与可持续发展的关系

ISO14000是国际标准化组织制定的环境管理系列标准，已成为环境管理的热点，本文分析了ISO14000的基本要求，通过分析ISO14000与可持续发展的关系，指出如何通过ISO14000的推广，有效促进可持续发展进程。     

Relationship between fluorine in drinking water and dental health of residents in some large cities in China

In this project, the relationship between fluorine content in drinking water and dental health of residents in some large cities in China was evaluated. The concentration of fluorine in tap water and in urine of local subjects of 28 cities and 4 high fluorine villages in China shows a strong positive correlation (r(2)=0.96, S.E.=0.9881). Our studies indicate that drinking water is the most important source of fluorine intake for Chinese people, and in more than 90% of urban cities, fluorine concentrations in drinking water are below levels recommended by the WHO (approximately 0.5-1.0 mg/l). A 1995 investigation by The National Committee on Oral Health of China (NCOH) shows the relationship between average number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) of urban residents and fluorine concentration in drinking water to be negatively correlated but not forming a good linear relationship. Our results, together with the previous study, suggest that: (1) dental caries of the study population can be reduced by drinking water fluoridation and that (2) other factors such as economic level, weather, lifestyle, food habits, living condition, etc., of a city can also affect the incidence of dental caries that cannot be predicted by fluoridation alone. Research on the relation between index of fluorosis (IF) and the fluorine concentration in drinking water for the four high fluorine villages showed that the recommended concentration of fluorine in drinking water can protect from dental fluorosis.     

Phosalone applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.): its deposition and persistence on foliages, soils and final residues in seeds

Phosalone, O,O-diethyl-S-(6-chloro-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-onyl)methyl phosphorodithioate, was field-applied by ground equipment to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at the rates of 1050 and 2100 g a.i./ha, respectively, to determine its dissipation on leaves and soils and the residues in seeds at harvest. The insecticide concentrations on cotton leaves and soils were measured periodically for 14 days following its application. It was found that the half lives of the insecticide on cotton leaves at the dosages of 1050 and 2100 g a.i./ha were 6.8 and 6.3 days, respectively. And the half lives on soils for the 2 dosages were 7 and 5.8 days, respectively. The residues remaining in soils at harvest time were 0.072 and 0.121 mg/kg 14 days post-application and the residues in cotton seeds were relatively low (less than 0.02-0.12 mg/kg).     

薄隔水层井筒底板突水的突变模型

在薄板理论的基础上,建立了立井井筒底板突水的突变模型。运用突变理论的分析方法,求得了井筒底板隔水层的最小理论安全厚度,这与典型案例实际情况基本相符。论文根据在大涨落存在的前提下突变发生所遵循的Ｍａｘｗ ｅｌｌ规则,对理论值和实际值的偏差作了合理的解释,还提出了解决该偏差的一种近似计算方法。所进行的研究工作,为井筒突水的预测及确定隔水层的安全厚度,提供一种新的理论方法和途径。     

Characterization of halogenated DBPs and identification of new DBPs trihalomethanols in chlorine dioxide treated drinking water with multiple extractions

Chlorine dioxide(ClO_2) is a widely used alternative disinfectant due to its high biocidal efficiency and low-level formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. A major portion of total organic halogen(TOX), a collective parameter for all halogenated DBPs, formed in ClO_2-treated drinking water is still unknown. A commonly used pretreatment method for analyzing halogenated DBPs in drinking water is one-time liquid–liquid extraction(LLE), which may lead to a substantial loss of DBPs prior to analysis. In this study, characterization and identification of polar halogenated DBPs in a ClO_2-treated drinking water sample were conducted by pretreating the sample with multiple extractions. Compared to one-time LLE, the combined four-time LLEs improved the recovery of TOX by 2.3 times. The developmental toxicity of the drinking water sample pretreated with the combined four-time LLEs was 1.67 times higher than that pretreated with one-time LLE.With the aid of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, a new group of polar halogenated DBPs, trihalomethanols,were detected in the drinking water sample pretreated with multiple extractions; two of them,trichloromethanol and bromodichloromethanol, were identified with synthesized standard compounds. Moreover, these trihalomethanols were found to be the transformation products of trihalomethanes formed during ClO_2disinfection. The results indicate that multiple LLEs can significantly improve extraction efficiencies of polar halogenated DBPs and is a better pretreatment method for characterizing and identifying new polar halogenated DBPs in drinking water.     

氧化还原修复重金属污染土壤的文献计量学分析

基于Web of Science和中国知网(CNKI)的数据源,选择对应数据库、设定年限,检索相关文献和专利,运用文献计量学方法,并借助Origin、Excel等绘图制表工具对数据结果进行了统计、分析和对比,比较直观地展现出重金属污染土壤氧化还原修复技术的总体情况、国内外发展现状和趋势、国内外发展差距,并从关键词的发展演替角度分析研究热点与方向,为氧化还原修复技术相关学科发展与研究等提供决策参考。     

AUSTAL2000在恶臭污染环境影响评估中的应用研究

运用德国AUSTAL2000模型对某化工项目周边400 km2的矩形区域和36个环境敏感点NH3、H2 S浓度和恶臭发生频率进行了模拟计算,分析了该项目恶臭污染的影响程度和范围,并对各排放源的计算结果进行了对比分析.结果表明,预测范围内NH3、H2 S只有小时浓度最大值超标,占标率分别为139%和120%,超标面积分别为0.16 km2和0.13 km2,但恶臭发生频率超标较严重,最大值达到了86.7%,超标面积达40.8 km2;环境敏感点NH3、H2 S浓度均未超标,恶臭发生频率也仅有两个点位的最大值略高于标准限值;与面源的无组织排放相比,采取排气筒的排放方式可以明显降低周边区域污染物浓度和恶臭发生频率,减少恶臭污染面积.     

规模化养猪废水处理工程设计与运行研究

针对养猪废水有机物、氨氮浓度高,水质波动范围大,水力冲击负荷强,常规工艺难以处理达标等水质特点,设计固液分离-气浮-厌氧-SBR-气浮组合工艺处理规模化养猪废水.经调试后运行结果表明:工艺运行稳定,且经过该工艺处理后,原水COD由6 000 mg/L下降至60.4 mg/L,BOD5由3 500 mg/L下降至11.5 mg/L, SS浓度由4 200 mg/L下降至21 mg/L,NH3-N由700 mg/L下降至14.8 mg/L,TP由180 mg/L下降至0.298 mg/L,去除率分别达到99%,99.7%,99.5%,97.9%和99.8%,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8987-1996)的一级排放标准,优于《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB 18596-2001).     

南方稀土冶炼废水的特点及其处理技术研究

稀土冶炼分离过程产生大量的废水,废水中的主要污染物为氨氮、油类、COD和重金属离子等,如果不经处理直接排放,对水体会造成严重的污染.基于稀土冶炼分离工艺,阐述了稀土冶炼废水的特征,重点介绍了现有的稀土冶炼氨氮废水处理技术,包括蒸发浓缩结晶法、吹脱法、折点氯化法、化学沉淀法、离子交换法和膜分离法,分析了各种处理技术的适用性及优缺点,并对稀土冶炼分离废水处理技术进行了展望.     

普光气田应急指挥系统应急值守功能设计

应急值守作为应急指挥系统重要的组成部分,发挥着无可替代的作用。对普光气田应急指挥系统的应急值守功能进行了详细的介绍,包括日常值班、接警事件处理、预案关联及电话调度、自动录音、多方通话等。