络合滴定法测定工业废水中的硫酸根离子

通过对乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）滴定检测硫酸根离子法的改进，实现了可以同时消除钙、镁及其他重金属离子、碳酸根离子、磷酸根离子干扰的目的。该方法简单、快捷、准确度高，加标回收率为96．38％－99．69％，变异系数为1．2％－1．49％，尤其适用于污染较为严重水体的分析。     

震害预测中建筑物属性信息提取方法研究

在编制城市抗震防灾规划工作中,如何得到规划区大量的建筑物的普查资料一直是一个重要的课题。就此,本文提出了一种基于RS技术通过首先旋转高分辨率遥感图像而后搜寻建筑物阴影区有效分割线段来实现大范围建筑物层数信息提取的新方法,并结合高分辨率遥感影像数据和实际建筑物层数信息对提取结果进行分析。结果表明计算模型正确,普适性较强,算法过程简单,所得结果精度满足城市震害预测基础信息的要求,有较大实用价值。     

条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布及其与富集砷的关系

研究条斑紫菜中磷和钙的亚细胞分布,并探讨其与条斑紫菜富集砷的关系。结果表明:条斑紫菜吸收磷、钙主要分布在细胞壁组分中,平均占总磷含量的53.9%,占总钙含量的61.25%,其次为细胞液。与对照组相比(砷暴露浓度0.5 mg·L~(-1)),在添加磷浓度为0.1 mg·L~(-1)和1.0 mg·L~(-1)处理组中,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间呈现协同效应;当添加磷浓度为5.0 mg·L~(-1)和10.0 mg·L~(-1)时,条斑紫菜中磷、砷之间则呈现拮抗作用,砷的富集量分别比照组下降61.37%和72.73%。经添加钙液暴露过的条斑紫菜,当钙暴露浓度为1 000 mg·L~(-1)时其对砷的富集量比对照组减少15.51%。可知,5.0 mg·L~(-1)磷处理条斑紫菜,条斑紫菜对砷的富集受到明显的抑制。     

封闭景观水体的表观污染机制研究

良好的表观性状是城市水体发挥景观功能的基本条件,现今封闭景观水体的表观受污染严重。以景观园林师陶园内的封闭水体为研究对象,进行为期半年的现场观察和水质监测,运用吸收光谱法研究了水体表观污染的历程,并进行了表观污染指数(SPI)及环境因子间的相关性分析以了解表观污染机制。研究发现,封闭水体的表观污染程度随季节变化明显,SPI与温度(T)、浊度、腐殖酸(UV254)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)均显著正相关,与溶解氧(DO)显著负相关,相关系数分别为0.786、0.951、0.595、0.849、-0.699。结果表明,植物残体的腐烂分解以及浮萍和藻类的竞争性生长会导致水体颜色和浊度异常,甚至出现发黑发臭的严重表观污染现象。     

Mass concentrations and temporal profiles of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 near major urban roads in Beijing

Mass concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁ were measured near major roads in Beijing during six periods: summer and winter of 2001, winter of 2007, and periods before, during and after the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Since the control efforts for motor vehicles helped offset the increase of emissions from the rapid growth of vehicles, the averaged PM_2.5 concentrations at roadsides during the sampling period between 2001 and 2008 fluctuated over a relatively small range. With the implementation of temporary traffic control measures during the Olympics, a clear “V” shaped curve showing the concentrations of particulate matter and other gaseous air pollutants at roadsides over time was identified. The average concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, CO and NO decreased by 31.2%, 46.3%, 32.3% and 35.4%, respectively, from June to August; this was followed by a rebound of all air pollutants in December 2008. Daily PM₁₀ concentrations near major roads exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Grade II) for 61.2% of the days in the non-Olympic periods, while only for 12.5% during the Olympics. The mean ratio of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ near major roads remained relatively stable at 0.55 (±0.108) on non-Olympic days. The ratio decreased to 0.48 (±0.099) during the Olympics due to a greater decline in fine particles than in coarse-mode PM. The ratios PM₁/PM_2.5 fluctuated over a wide range and were statistically different from each other during the sampling periods. The average ratios of PM₁/PM_2.5 on non-Olympic days were 0.71.     

Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Grafted Starch Introducing a Novel Interphase in Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Ethylene Glycol)/Starch Ternary Composites

The main purpose of this study is challenging to dramatically improve the toughness of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/starch by adding poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) into the composites and grafting PEG molecules onto the surface of starch particles. It was found that the surface grafting of PEG onto starch induced the presence of PEG-rich regions located around the starch particles, caused by migration and aggregation of free PEG molecules. A novel interphase transition layer between PLA and starch was formed, which showed great ability for cavitation and vested large-scaled plastic deformation to PLA matrix. Further mechanical properties tests indicated the formation of interphase layer significantly increase the elongation at break from 10.2 to 254.5%, and notched impact strength from 1.56 to 2.37?kJ/m² for PLA/PEG/starch ternary composites. The influence of PEG component, ethanol extraction and annealing was also investigated.     

吸能让位防冲支护结构与围岩协同作用体系研究*

为防治冲击地压危害,减小人员伤亡与经济损失,采用数值计算方法建立吸能让位防冲液压支架与围岩协同作用体系模型,计算支架和围岩组合体系在静载和冲击载荷作用下的受力状态。结果表明:静载条件下,受煤层影响巷道右侧拱肩位置应力值与塑性应变相对最大,此处最易发生破坏;吸能装置在静载条件下没有发生压缩变形,表明吸能装置不会影响支架正常工作;竖向冲击荷载条件下,受煤层结构影响巷道右侧拱肩处等效塑性应变值增大相对比较明显,吸能防冲支架中间液压柱与右侧液压柱水平位移变化相对最明显;冲击地压发生过程中,支架与围岩间相互作用力变化较大,总体可分为振动段、平稳段、上升段、波动段4个阶段。     

金属铁离子对农田土壤氮转化影响分析

以长春伊通河河谷阶地上部的农田土为研究对象,选用铁离子作为氮转化的一种影响因素,定性研究了不同浓度的铁离子对硝态氮、亚硝态氮、铵态氮三氮的变化影响。并且在建立方程组之后计算平衡常数,证明了铁的氧化作用,与实验所得相符合：铁促进铵态氮的吸附、促进硝化反应的进行。从实验和理论的角度说明了铁在三氮转化中起的作用,为进一步研究锰铁离子对氮转化的定量影响和氮素污染地下水的预测和定量评价提供科学依据。     

PAN—ACF吸附洗车废水的实验研究

实验以洗车废水为研究对象,研究了聚丙烯腈活性炭纤维（PAN—ACF）去除水中LAS的效果,考察了PAN—ACF的用量、时间、温度以及pH对吸附效果的影响。模拟废水和实际洗车废水的实验研究表明：当废水中LAS浓度为10mg／L时,在处理最佳时间为5min、最佳用量为0．5g/L、常温弱酸性的条件下,LAS的去除率能达到92％以上。此外PAN—ACF对废水中的CODcr及NH3-N也能有效地去除,用NaOH溶液再生后对LAS吸附性更好。