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111.
112.
David A. Wiedenfeld Allison C. Alberts Ariadne Angulo Elizabeth L. Bennett Onnie Byers Topiltzin Contreras-MacBeath Gláucia Drummond Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca Claude Gascon Ian Harrison Nicolas Heard Axel Hochkirch William Konstant Penny F. Langhammer Olivier Langrand Frederic Launay Daniel J. Lebbin Susan Lieberman Barney Long Zhi Lu Michael Maunder Russell A. Mittermeier Sanjay Molur Razan Khalifa al Mubarak Michael J. Parr Jonah Ratsimbazafy Anders G. J. Rhodin Anthony B. Rylands Jim Sanderson Wes Sechrest Pritpal Soorae Jatna Supriatna Amy Upgren Jean-Christophe Vié Li Zhang 《Conservation biology》2021,35(5):1388-1395
Some conservation prioritization methods are based on the assumption that conservation needs overwhelm current resources and not all species can be conserved; therefore, a conservation triage scheme (i.e., when the system is overwhelmed, species should be divided into three groups based on likelihood of survival, and efforts should be focused on those species in the group with the best survival prospects and reduced or denied to those in the group with no survival prospects and to those in the group not needing special efforts for their conservation) is necessary to guide resource allocation. We argue that this decision-making strategy is not appropriate because resources are not as limited as often assumed, and it is not evident that there are species that cannot be conserved. Small population size alone, for example, does not doom a species to extinction; plants, reptiles, birds, and mammals offer examples. Although resources dedicated to conserving all threatened species are insufficient at present, the world's economic resources are vast, and greater resources could be dedicated toward species conservation. The political framework for species conservation has improved, with initiatives such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals and other international agreements, funding mechanisms such as The Global Environment Facility, and the rise of many nongovernmental organizations with nimble, rapid-response small grants programs. For a prioritization system to allow no extinctions, zero extinctions must be an explicit goal of the system. Extinction is not inevitable, and should not be acceptable. A goal of no human-induced extinctions is imperative given the irreversibility of species loss. 相似文献
113.
James A. Perry David J. Schaeffer Harold W. Kerster Edwin E. Herricks 《Environmental management》1985,9(3):199-207
The planning and execution of water quality management programs requires careful collection and analysis of data coupled with a systematic review and analysis of programmatic success. The environmental audit is a tool which facilitates improved water quality planning and management. This article demonstrates the utility of the environmental audit by reviewing portions of a comprehensive review of the water quality management program for the state of Idaho. The audit is a tool which forces careful design of a sampling program before data are collected. In the audit approach, program objectives are clearly stated prior to initiation of sampling. Stated objectives are also evaluated regularly to identify tension points, that is, conflicts between expectations and reality. In the example taken from Idaho, a management review team followed a directive to redesign the water quality monitoring program. We present a summary of the redesign as proposed by that team, to illustrate the results of a typical review of monitoring programs. That summary is followed by an example of how the proposed program would differ if the audit approach had been used. The two approaches offered both coincident and conflicting recommendations. Management review team and audit recommendations for lake sampling programs were similar even though a different process was used to develop the recommendations. The most striking contrast between the two results lies in the review team's approach to the problem. The directives followed, and the team's responses, concentrate on tools, such as increasing biological monitoring or reliance on monthly BWMP stations. In contrast, the audit results stress addressing management questions for which clear objectives have been stated, depending on specific tools only as needed to meet stated objectives. Although the audit does integrate externalities in its structure, it is little affected by economic or political influences. A major strength of the audit approach is its ability to provide defensible data for management decision making. 相似文献
114.
C. Y. Jim 《The Environmentalist》1992,12(1):29-46
Summary Environmental protection in Hong Kong traditionally has been neglected by the government and private sector, with citizens showing little interest. The overwhelming pre-occupation with economic growth and a plethora of pressing social needs are often cited as the main excuses for past apathy. Since the late 1970s, the government has taken positive steps to establish administrative structures and statutes to arrest environmental decline. Legislative processes, however, have often been delayed and the effectiveness of the laws trimmed by the strong industrial lobby. The erratic developments in the 1980s nevertheless allowed the enactment of four dedicated environmental laws and a complement of ancillary control measures. The current status of the environment in the fields of water, waste, air and noise has been assessed to highlight the pertinent maladies and shortcomings. The 1989 White Paper provided a clear package of official policies and programmes to correct past ills in a ten-year comprehensive plan. The ameliorative measures, both present and projected, are evaluated for their effectiveness and prospects. Some issues that deserve more attention and improvements are suggested. 相似文献
115.
Citizens from two communities were questioned regarding the sources from which they have previously obtained information about
environmental hazards and their preferences for different communication channels. Three ethnic groups—whites, blacks, and
Mexican-Americans—were represented among those questioned. While all three ethnic groups described similar patterns of past
information receipt, it was found that Mexican-Americans obtained more information through social network contacts than whites
or blacks. Ethnic differentials emerged when citizens were asked about preferred sources for information receipt. While radio
was identified as desirable by all three groups, only minority citizens expressed a preference for local television as a dissemination
mode and only Mexican-Americans favored neighborhood meetings. Mailed dissemination and newspapers were preferred primarily
by whites and blacks. The implications of the results for the conduct of hazard information dissemination are examined. 相似文献
116.
US government regulations require that all effluents from industrial operations, including mining, meet certain water quality standards. Constructed wetlands have proven to be useful in helping to attain those standards. Application of this biotechnology to mine water drainage can reduce water treatment costs and improve water quality in streams and rivers adversely affected by acidic mine water drainage from abandoned mines. Over 400 constructed wetland water treatment systems have been built on mined lands largely as a result of research by the US Bureau of Mines. Wetlands are passive biological treatment systems that are relatively inexpensive to construct and require minimal maintenance. Chemical treatment costs are reduced sufficiently to repay the cost of construction in less than a year. The mine waste water is typically treated in a series of excavated ponds that resemble small marsh areas. The ponds are engineered to facilitate bacterial oxidation of iron. Ideally, the water then flows through a composted organic substrate supporting a population of sulphate-reducing bacteria which raises the pH. Constructed wetlands in the USA are described - their history, functions, construction methodologies, applicabilities, limitations and costs. 相似文献
117.
118.
Moreno Rodriguez MJ Cala Rivero V Jiménez Ballesta R 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2005,27(5-6):513-519
Selenium was determined from 25 topsoils and 25 plants in the semi-arid Central Spain where large extents of soils are developed
on evaporitic materials. Some species of vegetation associated with them are of the genera Astragalus, Salsola, Mercurialis, Phlomis, Thymus and Atriplex. Total selenium in soils was determined and its bioavailability assessed by chemical sequential fractionation. Se content
in soils was adequate (in the range 0.17–0.39 mg kg−1) or large (in the range 0.50–4.38 mg kg−1) and appeared in highly and/or potentially available forms. Several plant species showed high Se levels (in the range 5–14.3 mg kg−1), which can be a potential risk of toxicity to animals. Data obtained from the study area can be used as a guide to the range
of values in soils and plants of the European Mediterranean area that are relatively unpolluted from industrial sources, allowing
comparison with more polluted areas. 相似文献
119.
Combustion processes result in generation of a large number of particle and gaseous products that create health and environmental risks. Of particular importance are the very small particles that are emitted in large quantities from all the combustion sources, and that have been shown to be potentially more significant in terms of their impact on health than larger particles. To control and mitigate the particles with a view of health and environmental risk reduction, a good understanding is necessary of the relative and absolute contribution from the emission sources to the airborne concentrations. This understanding could only be achieved by developing source signature libraries through direct emission measurements from the sources on one hand, and by measuring particle concentrations in the air, and apportioning them to the specific local and distant sources using the signatures, on the other hand. This paper is a review of particle characteristics that are used as source signatures as well as their general advantages and limitations. The second part of the paper reviews source signatures of the most common combustion pollution sources. 相似文献
120.
A biomonitoring study was performed to evaluate the human impact on two small coves adjacent to the Italian Scientific Station at Terra Nova Bay in November 1995. The study used the fish species Trematomus bernacchii as a bioindicator organism for a biomarker analysis based on porphyrin levels, and BPMO (Benzo(a)pyrene MonoOxygenase) and EROD (Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase) activities. Porphyrin levels and EROD and BPMO activities were found to be generally low. In contrast to previous years, no statistically significant difference was found between the potentially contaminated cove and the control cove after the Italian expedition had been active nearby for a period of one month. This indicates a marked decrease in certain types of contaminants such as organochlorines and trace metals, mainly due to improvements in waste disposal. 相似文献