钻井废物综合治理技术的应用

针对急需解决的钻井废水、废气治理问题,以钻井作业大功率柴油机废气余热回收利用为出发点,研制了钻井废水废气综合治理设备。通过现场试验对钻井废水、废气治理效果及噪声影响的分析,试验结果表明,日处理钻井废水可达11～13m3/d,柴油机废气中污染物排放有一定程度的降低,柴油机高频噪声得到较明显降低,并有利于增加柴油机扭距。     

Is small hydropower beautiful? Social impacts of river fragmentation in China’s Red River Basin

Small hydropower (SHP) is promoted as a pro-poor renewable energy source that does not have the negative social impacts of large dams. This article challenges these claims, using data from a household survey in China’s upper Red River Basin. We find that SHP can fragment river systems in ways that reduce irrigation water availability, provoke changes to agricultural practices, and negatively impact river health. These social impacts of river fragmentation mainly occur in villages situated between a plant’s intake and outflow. The frequency of plant water diversions due to continued generation in the dry season significantly predicts all social impacts; installed capacity of the plant and the quality of the village’s irrigation infrastructure predict some impacts. Villages with strong local governance can negotiate with the plant to temporarily halt generation when irrigation water is needed, lessening social impacts. Our findings reveal that SHP plants are not as benign as they are made out to be; they must be built and managed according to community needs.     

改性污泥活性炭对水中镉离子的吸附性能

以城市污水处理厂的剩余污泥为原料,氯化锌为活化剂制备污泥活性炭,对一部分污泥活性炭用6.0 mol/L的硝酸进行改性,并研究了未改性和改性的污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附行为的影响。结果表明,在pH为5.0、Cd2＋初始浓度为100 mg/L、吸附剂投加量为2.0 g/L、反应温度为25℃时,未改性的污泥活性炭吸附容量为8.45 mg/g,硝酸改性的污泥活性炭吸附容量达到了23.35 mg/g。改性和未改性的污泥活性炭对Cd2＋都有较好的吸附容量,硝酸改性大幅度提高了污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附性能。常温下改性污泥活性炭对Cd2＋的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式。     

水泥对垃圾焚烧飞灰的固化处理试验研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰的化学成分、重金属物质的含量及浸出浓度进行测试分析.结果表明,飞灰中Pb和Cr等重金属物质浸出量超过浸出毒性标准,因而被认为是危险废物,必须进行固化处理.还考察了水泥对焚烧飞灰中重金属物质固化的效果,研究表明当飞灰掺量适当时,重金属物质的固化效果良好.重金属物质通过物理固封、替代,沉淀反应和吸附等形式可固化进水泥水化产物结构中.     

石油水溶性成分对褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)生殖、发育及种群动态的影响

溢油污染对近岸生态系统的平衡与稳定危害极大。本研究以石油水溶性成分(water-accommodated fraction,WAF)为目标,研究其对海洋浮游动物褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)生殖、发育和种群动态变化的影响,以期为阐明或评估海洋溢油污染的潜在威胁提供依据。研究结果表明,(1) WAF抑制褶皱臂尾轮虫的种群增长,随着胁迫时间的延长抑制作用不断增强,呈现显著剂量-毒性效应的正相关,其48、72和96 h的半数有效抑制浓度(EC_(50))分别为5.42、4.81和4.39 mg·L~(-1)。(2)WAF能显著影响褶皱臂尾轮虫的生殖和发育过程,缩短轮虫的平均寿命和生殖周期,使得进入生殖期的时间滞后,个体发育延迟;基于生命表的研究发现,其内禀增长率(r_m)、周限增长率(λ)、净生殖率(R_0)和生命期望(E_0)显著降低,世代周期(T)延长,其中r_m、λ和R_0变化较其他指标明显,可作为灵敏指示褶皱臂尾轮虫响应WAF胁迫的指示指标。     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 ismore toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

某公路边坡锚杆支护系统的安全评价

对某公路节理岩质边坡的安全稳定性进行分析,并提出支护措施。通过FLAC3D建立计算模型,采用强度折减法计算安全系数,得到边坡在未支护情况下的安全系数为0.67,处于不稳定状态。采用全长注浆锚杆进行支护。建立正交试验,以安全系数和工程造价为目标,以锚杆的长度和倾角为因素,得到6 m,2 m,20°的参数优化方案。计算表明,边坡支护后安全系数为1.29,处于稳定状态。同时,得到边坡在开挖扰动和锚杆支护情况下,各个部位的静态位移和动态位移响应,表明:锚杆支护有效地限制了位移的发展,有利于边坡稳定。     

GIS在广西香蕉低温冻害分析中的应用

根据香蕉生长状况、受害程度与低温冻害强度的关系,确定香蕉冻害的等级指标;利用广西90个气象台站30年的气候资料和台站地理信息,建立冻害指标的空间分析模型,采用GIS技术推算出1km×1km分辨率的冻害指标空间分布;并根据香蕉冻害分级指标,通过GIS的空间分析能力,分析了广西香蕉低温冻害的空间分布特征。     

环境水污染事件应急监测演练评估模型构建研究

以环境水污染事件为背景,基于层次分析-线性加权法的构建环境水污染事件应急监测演练评估模型。利用层次分析法建立应急演练评估指标体系,构建各因素的判断矩阵,判断矩阵的特征向量作为评估指标的权重,由多位专家评估的权重值计算平均权重,然后利用线性加权法构建应急演练的综合评估模型。通过某江河的水污染事件应急演练实例,对评估模型进行了验证。