Economic assessment of the health effects related to particulate matter pollution in 111 Chinese cities by using economic burden of disease analysis

With China's rapid economic development, environmental problems have become more and more serious. Particulate air pollution is terrible in cities with large and dense population. It may lead to adverse health effects and economic costs. In this study, we calculated the health effects of pollution caused by particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than 10mum (PM(10)) in 111 Chinese cities in 2004 according to statistical data and epidemiological exposure-response functions. Using economic burden of disease analysis, an economic assessment of these health risks was also presented. In contrast to many previous studies that have examined individual cities, this study covered most large and medium-sized cities in China, which accounted for more than 70% gross domestic product (GDP) of China in 2004. The total economic cost caused by PM(10) pollution was estimated as approximately US$ 29,178.7 million. Mega cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin contribute relatively more to the total costs. The results will help policy makers in formulating more effective countermeasures and increasing public awareness to enhance environmental protection.     

Characterization and control of odorous gases at a landfill site: a case study in Hangzhou, China

Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are one of the major sources of offensive odors potentially creating annoyance in adjacent communities. At the end of May 2007, an odor pollution incident occurred at the Tianziling landfill site, Hangzhou, China, where the residents lodged complaints about the intense odor from the landfill, which drew a significant attention from the government. In this study, ambient air monitoring was conducted at the Tianziling landfill site. The main odor composition of the gas samples collected on June 1st 2007 and the reduction of various odorous gases from the samples collected on June 1st 2009 due to the applied odor control techniques were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition, variations of primary odorous gaseous (NH₃ and H₂S) concentrations at different locations in the landfill site from July 2007 to June 2009 were also investigated by using classical spectrophotometric methods. Results showed that a total of 68 volatile compounds were identified among which H₂S (56.58-579.84 μg/m³) and NH₃ (520-4460 μg/m³) were the notable odor components contributing to 4.47-10.92% and 83.91-93.94% of total concentrations, respectively. Similar spatial and temporal shifts of H₂S and NH₃ concentrations were observed and were significantly affected by environmental factors including temperature, air pressure and wind direction. Odor pollution was worse when high temperature, high humidity, low air pressure, and southeast, northeast or east wind appeared. Moreover, the environmental sampling points of the dumping area and the leachate treatment plant were found to be the main odor sources at the Tianziling landfill site. The odor control technologies used in this project had a good mitigating effect on the primary odorous compounds. This study provides long-term valuable information concerning the characteristics and control of odors at landfill sites in a long run.     

细菌SOD对微生物紫外光辐射损伤的恢复作用

将培养至对数中期的大肠杆菌、钝齿棒杆菌和啤酒酵母等３种微生物的细胞适度稀释液，分别涂布于培养皿上使受紫外光照射，在细胞受辐射后死亡率大于９０％时停止照射，立即加入一定剂量的细菌超氧化物岐化酶（ＳＯＤ），以观察ＳＯＤ对微生物活力的恢复效应．结果表明，ＳＯＤ可使受辐照的细胞存活率显著提高，且量效关系明显，而照前添加ＳＯＤ则无上述效应．检测表明，紫外光照射可引发细菌的超弱发光，且该种超弱发光可因氧气的充入而瞬间增强，鲁米诺也能增强这种超弱发光，加入甘露醇对发光无影响．当紫外光照射后加入ＳＯＤ能使发光强度大为减弱，表明此种超弱发光与的活动有关，并对ＳＯＤ拮抗紫外线杀菌的机理作了讨论．     

广州夏季办公室内细颗粒中多环芳烃污染特征研究

大部分的都市办公人群每天在办公室至少度过8 h。而室外环境的渗透、办公室内吸烟、办公设备使用和中央通风系统均可能导致细颗粒物及多环芳烃(PAHs)在室内积聚而造成微环境污染。2015年5—6月,在广州市3种不同功能区(商住区、高新产业区、工业区)共选取了14间不同类型的办公室,对其室内外PM_(2.5)和多环芳烃进行同步监测。结果表明,(1)14间中有12间办公室内的PM_(2.5)浓度水平高于世界卫生组织(WHO)的推荐值25μg·m-3;(2)与国内外类似研究相比,办公室内外∑16PAHs及Ba P-eq的监测浓度水平均较低,并呈现一致规律:文印>室外>吸烟>多人>单人>无窗(无人),其中Ba P-eq低于欧盟规定的安全限值1 ng·m-3;(3)文印工作和吸烟行为与室内PM_(2.5)和PAHs浓度升高有密切关系,分别对5环和4环PAHs贡献明显;(4)其他无明显内源的办公室的细颗粒中PAHs污染在监测期间主要来源于室外贡献。     

武汉地区水环境中全氟化合物污染水平及其分布特征

武汉作为中国氟化工行业的主要生产基地之一,其水环境中全氟及多氟类化合物(PFASs)污染情况对评估该地区水环境生态安全至关重要。采集了武汉城区10个污水处理厂进、出口污水和19个地表水样品,利用HPLC-ESI-MS/MS技术分析研究该区域水环境中PFASs污染水平及其分布特征。结果发现,武汉地区的污水和地表水样品中,PFASs污染均以短链同系物全氟丁酸(PFBA)和全氟丁基磺酸(PFBS)为主。污水处理厂进、出口污水中PFASs总浓度分别为11.8~12 700 ng·L~(-1)和19.1~9 970 ng·L~(-1)。在城区15个湖水样品中,PFASs总浓度为21.0~10 900 ng·L~(-1);在流经城区的4个江水样品中,PFASs总浓度为4.11~4.77 ng·L~(-1),比湖水样品中PFASs浓度水平低1~2个数量级。与污水中PFASs空间分布趋势一致,各湖泊水样中PFASs总体水平呈现汉口汉阳武昌的趋势,表明城市工业布局与人口密度程度直接影响城市PFASs污染空间分布。值得注意的是,与以往水环境中PFASs污染以全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)为主不同,武汉地区水环境中PFASs污染以短链同系物为主,表明短链替代效应已经渐渐在中国化工领域出现,中国全氟行业在响应国际组织规范和建议的基础上做出了实质性进展。然而,对于短链PFASs的污染特征、迁移运输以及生态风险等科学问题,还需要更进一步的研究。     

Species richness in a riparian plant community along the banks of the Xiangxi River,the Three Gorges region

The distribution of vascular plant species richness along an altitudinal gradient and their relationships with environmental variables, including slope, aspect, bank (flooding) height, and river width of the Xiangxi River, Hubei Province, were examined. Total vascular plant species richness changed with elevation: it increased at lower elevations, reached a maximum in the midreaches and decreased thereafter. In particular, tree and herbaceous species richness were related to altitude. Correlation analysis (Kendall's τ) between species richness and environmental variables indicated that the change in species richness in the riparian zone was determined by riparian environmental factors and characteristics of regional vegetation distribution along the altitudinal gradient. The low species richness at lower elevations resulted from seasonal flooding and human activities – agriculture and fuel collection – and the higher species richness in the midreaches reflected transitional zones in natural vegetation types that had had little disturbance. These results on species distribution in the riparian community could be utilized as a reference for restoration efforts to improve water quality of the emerging reservoir resulting from the Three Gorges Hydroelectric Dam project.     

Variations between rice cultivars in root secretion of organic acids and the relationship with plant cadmium uptake

To attempt to understand certain mechanisms causing the variations between rice cultivars with regard to Cd uptake and accumulation, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars at different levels of Cd, i.e., 0 (the control), 10, 50 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil. The two rice cultivars differ significantly with regard to Cd uptake and accumulation. Root secretions of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOA) for each treatment were measured with ion chromatography. The results showed that LMWOA concentrations in the soil planted with Shan you 63 (a high soil Cd accumulator) were all higher than those in the soil planted with Wu yun jing 7 (low soil Cd accumulator) at different soil Cd levels, although the magnitudes of the differences varied for individual LMWOA and depend on soil Cd concentrations. For all six LMWOA, there were significant differences at P < 0.05 or < 0.01 levels for soils treated with 10 and 50 mg kg⁻¹ Cd. The magnitude of the differences was greater under soil Cd treatments, especially at relatively low levels (for example, 10 mg Cd kg⁻¹ soil), than in the control. Acetic acid and formic acid constituted more than 96% of the total concentration of the six LMWOA, while citric acid constituted only about 0.1%. The rice cultivar with higher concentrations of LMWOA in soil accumulated more Cd in the plants. The results indicate that LMWOA secretion by rice root, especially in Cd-contaminated soils, is likely to be one of the mechanisms determining the plant Cd uptake properties of rice cultivars.     

不同源类型农业非点源负荷特征研究——以新田小流域为例

以珠江三角洲北部新田小流域为研究对象,采用源类型法,在流域范围内建立林地、果园、旱地和水田四个全封闭的农业用地单元,并对四个单元出口处的径流量进行同步采样,分析COD、BOD、氨氮、总氮和总磷等污染物的负荷特征.结果表明:(1)流域地表水存在着明显非点源污染现象,不同源类型,地表径流的污染程度不同.(2)不同源类型农业非点源污染负荷强度不同,其中水田、旱地单位面积非点源负荷强度较大,果园、林地各项污染物的负荷强度相对最小.受地表扰动、施肥等人类活动影响,流域内水田、旱地是农业非点源污染发生的关键源区.(3)流域范围内,不同源类型农业非点源负荷总量不同,其中,果园各项污染物非点源负荷总量最大,其次是林地,水田、旱地非点源负荷输出总量较小,流域范围内,源面积成为影响非点源负荷总量的主要因素.(4)相应的非点源污染治理不仅是关键源区,同时应关注大面积流失区.     

典型喀斯特地区土壤退化机理探讨:不同土地利用类型土壤水分性能比较

我国西南喀斯特生态脆弱区以土壤退化为核心的环境退化形势严峻.揭示土壤退化过程和退化机理,是认识喀斯特这个特殊环境的土地生态系统诸多环境退化问题的一个重要途径.本文选择黔中猫跳河流域上游长顺县广顺乡典型喀斯特景观为研究区,通过野外采样和实验室分析,对不同土地利用类型的土壤水分性能进行了比较研究,以探讨喀斯特地区土壤退化的过程与机理.结果表明,与基本无退化的本底林地相比较,草地土壤的水分性能明显变劣,表现为:土壤的持水能力下降,田间持水量和毛管持水量分别下降49.5%和56.2%;土壤供水能力降低,总有效含水量下降56.4%;土壤渗透性能减弱,150 min饱和渗水量减少70.1%.土壤的这些水分特征与土壤发生的强度和速度都有着非常密切的关系,草地土壤水分性能的这种退化将加剧土壤的侵蚀.可以认为,在西南典型喀斯特地区,土壤的水分退化是土壤退化的一个关键过程和因素.     

水稻施用耐氨固氮菌的效应研究

定位试验表明：施用耐氨固氮菌能促进水稻根系对氮素的吸收，显著增加水稻产量．耐氨固氮菌具有固氮能力，但按现行的施用量则固氮水平不足３０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２．在施氮水平较高的情况下。施用耐氨固氮菌能增加土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量．