Effects of water regime, crop residues, and application rates on control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Biological soil disinfestation is an effective method to control soil-borne disease by flooding and incorporating with organic amendments, but field conditions and resources sometimes limited its practical application. A laboratory experiment was conducted to develop practice guidelines on controlling Fusarium wilt, a widespread banana disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense(FOC). FOC infested soil incorporated with rice or maize straw at rates of 1.5 tons/ha and 3.0 tons/ha was incubated under flooded or water-saturated(100% water holding capacity) conditions at 30℃ for 30 days. Results showed that FOC populations in the soils incorporated with either rice or maize straw rapidly reduced more than 90% in the first 15 days and then fluctuated till the end of incubation, while flooding alone without organic amendment reduced FOC populations slightly. The rapid and dramatic decrease of redox potential(down to- 350 m V) in straw-amended treatments implied that both anaerobic condition and strongly reductive soil condition would contribute to pathogen inactivation. Water-saturation combined with straw amendments had the comparable effects on reduction of FOC, indicating that flooding was not indispensable for inactivating FOC. There was no significant difference in the reduction of FOC observed in the straw amendments at between 1.5 and 3 tons/ha. Therefore,incorporating soil with straw(rice or maize straw) at a rate of 3.0 tons/ha under 100%water holding capacity or 1.5 tons/ha under flooding, would effectively alleviate banana Fusarium wilt caused by FOC after 15-day treating under 30℃.     

基于WEBGIS的地震空间减灾信息化平台建设研究

地震已成为威胁人类生命、财产和社会经济发展最严重的自然灾害之一。针对当前地震应急减灾系统灾害信息获取时效性差、自动化和定量化程度低及信息集成共享等方面的不足,通过收集、整理地震灾害时空信息,结合灾区基础地理、多源遥感卫星影像及动态灾情信息,利用面向对象及主题的数据模型设计在线的地震应急减灾时空一体化数据库;提出了构建基于WEBGIS和空间技术的地震减灾信息化平台的总体设计架构、技术体系及功能模块;开发了平台原型系统,初步形成了地震灾害动态监测、灾害评估、灾情信息实时共享以及应急减灾辅助决策的一体化产品,为提高我国地震灾害应急减灾水平提供了借鉴作用。     

电子鼻检测污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的适用性研究

开发了一套以光离子化传感器（PID）为核心的电子鼻系统,用于污染土壤中挥发性氯代烃的快速检测.用气相色谱（GC）分析评价了预处理管对苯系物等干扰物质的去除效果;用标准气体发生装置发生不同浓度的四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体,比较评价了电子鼻与GC检测结果的吻合程度及测试重现性.在此基础上,选取我国长三角地区三类典型水稻土进行模拟污染土壤的通风净化实验,评价了电子鼻系统用于实时监测挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤修复进程的可行性.结果表明：①采用RAE-SEP卤代烃分离管进行预处理,甲苯、乙苯等苯系干扰物的去除率可达80%～97%,而四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯等挥发性氯代烃的选择性透过率高于90%;②电子鼻对不同浓度四氯乙烯和三氯乙烯气体的定量检测结果与GC结果相近,线性拟合斜率为1.012,相关系数R2〉0.99;③电子鼻对三类典型土壤通气脱附过程中污染物浓度的变化趋势的实时监测结果与GC检测结果基本一致,判定系数R2〉0.99（n=47）.因此,该电子鼻系统有望用于挥发性氯代烯烃污染土壤的快速检测,提高污染场地的风险评估和修复效率.     

深圳妈湾电厂温排水海洋生态影响回顾性评价

沿海地区电厂温排水在物理、化学、生物等方面对附近海域温度造成的影响越来越受到人们的关注。本文采用现场实测与数值模拟相结合的方法,确定电厂温排水的影响范围,模拟受纳水域的温升分布,评价温排水对海洋生态环境的影响程度,以期为近海海域热污染防治提供技术依据。     

Conversion characteristics and mechanism analysis of gaseous dichloromethane degraded by a VUV light in different reaction media

The photodegradation of gaseous dichloromethane (DCM) by a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light in a spiral reactor was investigated with different reaction media and initial concentrations. Through the combination of direct photolysis, O₃ oxidation and HO. oxidation, DCM was ultimately mineralized into inorganic compounds (such as HCl, CO₂, H₂O, etc.) in the air with relative humidity (RH) of 75%-85%. During the photodegradation process, some small organic acids (including formic acid, acetic acid) were also detected and the intermediates were more soluble than DCM, providing a possibility for its combination with subsequent biodegradation. Based on the detected intermediates and the confirmed radicals, a photodegradation pathway of DCM by VUV was proposed. With RH 75%-80% air as the reaction medium, the DCM removal followed the second-order kinetic model at inlet concentration of 100-1000 mg/m³. Kinetic analysis showed that the reaction media affected the kinetic constants of DCM conversion by a large extent, and RH 80% air could cause a much lower half-life for its conversion. Such results supported the possibility that VUV photodegradation could be used not only for the mineralization of DCM but also as a pretreatment before biodegradation.     

Pollution level and human health risk assessment of some pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Nantong of Southeast China

Food consumption is one of the key exposure routes of humans to contaminants. This article evaluated the residue levels of 51 pesticides and 16 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in selected fish and food items which were commonly consumed in the Nantong area of Jiangsu Province, Southeast China. The 51 pesticides and 16 PCBs were analyzed by highly sensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The results showed that organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and mirex and other pesticides including chlorpyrifos, pyrethroid pesticides, metolachlor, pyridaben and trifluralin were frequently detected in the samples, which was consistent with the accumulation level and characteristics of these toxic chemicals in human adipose tissue of people living in Nantong. Meanwhile, correlation of the residue level of toxic chemicals with their physical chemical properties and historic use pattern in Nantong area was observed. Combined with dietary survey results at the same sampling locations, human health risk assessment of ingestion through the dietary route was performed. The results suggested that the non-cancer risks of the chemicals investigated can be considered negligible in the Nantong area, however, the cancer risks from lifetime dietary exposure to DDTs and HCB have exceeded the acceptable levels.     

Nitrous oxide emission and reduction in a laboratory-incubated paddy soil response to pretreatment of water regime

IntroductionNitrousoxide (N2 O)isagreenhousegas.IncreasingatmosphericN2 Oconcentrationmayalsobedetrimentaltothestratosphericozonelayer(Crutzen ,1981) .AgriculturalsoilisamajorsourceofN2 O .MostN2 Ooriginateswithsoilprocesses,asanintermediateproductfrommic…     

Target the neglected VOCs emission from iron and steel industry in China for air quality improvement

● Haze formation in China is highly correlated with iron and steel industry. ● VOCs generated in sinter process were neglected under current emission standard. ● Co-elimination removal of sinter flue gas complex pollutants are timely needed. Recent years have witnessed significant improvement in China’s air quality. Strict environmental protection measures have led to significant decreases in sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and particulate matter (PM) emissions since 2013. But there is no denying that the air quality in 135 cities is inferior to reaching the Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095–2012) in 2020. In terms of temporal, geographic, and historical aspects, we have analyzed the potential connections between China’s air quality and the iron and steel industry. The non-target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from iron and steel industry, especially from the iron ore sinter process, may be an underappreciated index imposing a negative effect on the surrounding areas of China. Therefore, we appeal the authorities to pay more attention on VOCs emission from the iron and steel industry and establish new environmental standards. And different iron steel flue gas pollutants will be eliminated concurrently with the promotion and application of new technology.     

赤红壤、砖红壤矿物油污染效应研究

本研究采用盆栽试验法,研究了赤红壤、砖红壤中矿物油对水稻、花生的生理生态影响和矿物油在土壤中的净化。研究结果表明:矿物油对第一季水稻生长发育影响不大,对第二季则表现出明显的抑制作用,低浓度矿物油对花生生长发育有促进作用,高浓度则对其起抑制作用;收获后,水稻各部分及水稻土,花生根及花生土油残留均与投油量呈极显著的直线正相关关系,油在作物根部最易积累;种植两季水稻后,油在赤红壤、砖红壤中的净化率分别为80％以上和50％左右。最后,根据上述研究确定了赤红壤、砖红壤的矿物油临界含量分别为270.90mg/kg和318.92mg/kg。      

水解－好氧法处理含硫废水的研究

采用水解－好氧法处理炼油过程中产生的含硫废水。试验结果表明：经过此工艺处理后的出水COD、氨氮、硫化物、酚分别为118.5mg/L、29.4mg/L、0.0mg/L和0.50mg/L,相应的去除率分别为90.4％、56.6％、100％和99.3％,出水水质达到国家有关排放标准。同时,设计独特的三相好氧床不仅能有较高的硝化能力,而且无剩余污泥排放。因此,可以省略剩余污泥的处理过程