4-甲基喹啉的微生物降解研究

从处理油制气废水的活性污泥中分离得到一株可降解喹啉的菌Q10，经鉴定为睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas testosteroni)。该菌还可以降解4——甲基喹啉，本文着重研究了该菌在好氧条件下对4——甲基喹啉降解特性。实验结果表明，该菌在碱性条件下比在酸性条件下更有利于4——甲基喹啉的降解；温度为30℃时降解较快；振荡速度对降解没有明显影响；在适当的细菌浓度和底物浓度水平上，4——甲基喹啉具有较高的降解效率。实验也表明，菌Q10是一株喹啉衍生物广谱降解菌，具有重要的实用价值。     

湄洲湾海域营养状态评价

根据１９９２年夏秋两季湄洲湾海域水质监测结果，应用营养质量指数法和营养指数法进行营养水平评价。评价结果表明：ＮＱＩ值在１６８～３９４范围内，平均值为２６６，Ｅ值在０２７～１６６范围内，平均值为０７１，湄洲湾海域属于中等营养水平，水质良好，但近岸局部海域已处于富营养水平。Ｎ／Ｐ比值为５７∶１，Ｎ是该海域控制因子     

Effects and mechanisms of meta-sodium silicate amendments on lead uptake and accumulation by rice

The objectives of this research were to study the effects of Na₂SiO₃ application on the uptake, translocation, and accumulation of Pb in rice and to investigate the mechanisms of Pb immobilization by Na₂SiO₃ in paddy rice soils and rice plants. Pot experiments were conducted using a Cd-Pb-Zn-polluted soil and Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. Donglian 5. L₃-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used to identify Pb species in soils and roots. The results showed that the application of Na₂SiO₃ increased soil pH and available soil Si but decreased DTPA-extractable Pb in the soil. High dose of Na₂SiO₃ (12.5 g/kg) reduced the Pb level in brown rice as it inhibited Pb transfer from soil to rice grains, especially Pb transfer from the root to the stem. The Pb X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopic analysis revealed that application of high dose of Na₂SiO₃ increased Pb-ferrihydrite and PbSiO₃ precipitates in the soil and in the root while it reduced Pb-humic acids (Pb-HAs) in the soil and Pb-pectin in the root. The decrease in Pb availability in the soil can be partly attributed to increase the precipitation of PbSiO₃ and the association of Pb²⁺ with Fe oxides in the soil. The inhibition of the root-to-stem translocation of Pb was partially due to the precipitation of PbSiO₃ on the root surfaces or inside the roots.     

固定化微生物法处理对氯苯酚废水的研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-硼酸法制作固定化活性污泥小球,用正交试验确定降解对氯苯酚的固定化活性污泥的最优化条件.从温度、浓度和pH 3方面比较了固定化活性污泥和游离活性污泥对对氯苯酚降解效果的影响.研究表明:固定化活性污泥降解对氯苯酚的最适宜温度为25～35℃,最适pH为6～8;固定化活性污泥对对氯苯酚的降解速度大于游离活性污泥.     

A comparative study in treating two VOC mixtures in trickle bed air biofilters

Two independent parallel trickling bed air biofilters (TBABs) ("A" and "B") with two different typical VOC mixtures were investigated. Toluene, styrene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) were the target VOCs in the mixtures. Biofilter "A" was fed equal molar ratio of the VOCs and biofilter "B" was fed a mixture based on EPA 2003 emission report. Backwashing and substrate starvation operation were conducted as biomass control. Biofilter "A" and "B" maintained 99% overall removal efficiency for influent concentration up to 500 and 300 ppmv under backwashing operating condition, respectively. The starvation study indicated that it can be an effective biomass control for influent concentrations up to 250 ppmv for biofilter "A" and 300 ppmv for "B". Re-acclimation of biofilter performance was delayed with increase of influent concentration for both biofilters. Starvation operation helped the biofilter to recover at low concentrations and delayed re-acclimation at high concentrations. Furthermore, re-acclamation for biofilter "B" was delayed due to its high toluene content as compared to biofilter "A". The pseudo first-order removal rate constant decreased with increase of volumetric loading rate for both biofilters. MEK and MIBK were completely removed in the upper 3/8 media depth. While biofilter depth utilization for the removal of styrene and toluene increased with increase of influent concentrations for both biofilters. However, toluene removal utilized more biofilter depth for biofilter "B" as compared to biofilter "A".     

不同膜组件应用于重力出水式膜生物反应器的性能比较

通过曝气强度的调节,对2种不同膜组件用于重力出水式膜生物反应器处理生活污水进行可行性研究。结果表明：本重力出水式膜生物反应器的经济曝气强度约为40 m³/(m²·h)。此时对氨氮、COD、浊度的平均去除率分别为：97.8%、90.8%和99.4%。对比膜通量与曝气强度的关系,膜组件A（膜丝材质为聚乙烯,直径0.54 mm,孔径0.4 μm,膜面积为9.0 m²）比膜组件B（膜丝材质为聚偏氟乙烯,直径0.80 mm,孔径0.22 μm,膜面积为12.5 m²）具有更好的经济性,适合于改造为重力出水式膜生物反应器。在线化学清洗方式下,膜组件A可以比膜组件B更快地恢复膜通量。     

酸洗废液制取复合亚铁的研制及应用

介绍了利用酸洗废液为原料制备复合亚铁型混凝剂的新方法 ,并用制得的产品应用于电镀和印染废水治理工程。工程应用及实验结果表明 ,对含Ni2 + 、Cu2 + 和Cr6+ 的电镀废水 ,能使Ni2 + 、Cu2 + 出水浓度 <0 .1mg/L ,Cr6+ 未检出 ,还能处理数种化学镀废液。对印染废水 ,COD去除率和脱色率可分别达到 84 %和 98%以上 ,值得进一步研究和推广     

气象灾害灾情评估指标研究与应用——以陕西为例

为了定量评估气象灾害造成的灾情,利用陕西1984-2007年气象灾害普查数据库,建立人员死亡率、农作物种植面积受灾率、直接经济损失率3个灾情因子评估指数并计算灾情综合指数,构建灾情因子和综合灾情年景定量评估指标,将气象灾情年景分为严重、较严重、一般、较轻和轻5类。利用建立的年景评估指标对陕西2008-2010年气象灾害灾情年景进行评估,应用到年度气候影响评价业务服务中。分析每种气象灾害灾情因子指数和灾情综合指数多年平均值,确定陕西危害度最大的气象灾害依次为暴雨、干旱、冰雹、连阴雨、气象地质灾害等。研究结果表明:陕西气象灾害造成的人员死亡率呈现减少趋势,多年平均值为3.23/百万,直接经济损失率变化趋势不明显,多年平均值为1.51%,农作物种植面积受灾率呈明显增加趋势,多年平均值为21.99%。     

化学品足迹:概念、研究进展及挑战

化学品污染被联合国环境规划署列为影响人类生存与发展的全球重大环境问题之一。为实现可持续的化学品管理,需定量评价产品生命周期内由化学品排放造成的生态影响。然而,当前的化学品风险评价指标体系往往指向零碎的危害性或毒性终点,未能综合出整体性指标来定量表征生态系统所承受的损害,亦不能衡量人类活动排放的化学品总量与环境承载容量的相对大小。作为环境足迹一员,化学品足迹继承了"足迹"指标的特点,可定量表征生态系统受化学品影响的程度,并结合生态阈值及环境承载容量,有助于评价人类活动对环境可持续性的影响,有望成为公众、企业、决策者及利益相关者之间相互交流的重要工具。本文概述了化学品足迹的基本概念及其发展历程,介绍了现有的化学品足迹计算方法及其应用于不同空间尺度下的案例研究,讨论了化学品足迹研究中存在的问题与挑战,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

长期施肥潮土土壤呼吸的温度和水分效应

温度和水分是影响土壤呼吸的重要因素.利用室内培养试验研究因长期施用不同肥料造成有机质含量存在差异的土壤在不同土壤水分含量(30%WFPS、45%WFPS、60%WFPS、75%WFPS 和90%WFPS)和培养温度(5 ℃、15 ℃、25 ℃、35 ℃)下的土壤呼吸.结果表明,土壤水分含量和培养温度对土壤呼吸既表现出相互制约作用,在一定范围内又具有相互促进作用.施肥影响着土壤呼吸所需的最适水分含量,不均衡施肥处理的土壤呼吸所需最适土壤水分含量高于均衡施肥处理的土壤.培养温度也影响土壤呼吸的最适水分含量,土壤呼吸所需最适水分随培养温度升高而升高.土壤水分含量的增加可增加土壤呼吸的Q10.施肥特别是施有机肥而增加的土壤有机碳的释放速率是最快的.因此,气温升高和降水增加等气候变化趋势下,不利于通过施用有机肥来增加农田土壤有机碳储量.