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171.
Agneta Andersson H. E. Markus Meier Matyas Ripszam Owen Rowe Johan Wikner Peter Haglund Kari Eilola Catherine Legrand Daniela Figueroa Joanna Paczkowska Elin Lindehoff Mats Tysklind Ragnar Elmgren 《Ambio》2015,44(3):345-356
Climate change is likely to have large effects on the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Simulations indicate 2–4 °C warming and 50–80 % decrease in ice cover by 2100. Precipitation may increase ~30 % in the north, causing increased land runoff of allochthonous organic matter (AOM) and organic pollutants and decreased salinity. Coupled physical–biogeochemical models indicate that, in the south, bottom-water anoxia may spread, reducing cod recruitment and increasing sediment phosphorus release, thus promoting cyanobacterial blooms. In the north, heterotrophic bacteria will be favored by AOM, while phytoplankton production may be reduced. Extra trophic levels in the food web may increase energy losses and consequently reduce fish production. Future management of the Baltic Sea must consider the effects of climate change on the ecosystem dynamics and functions, as well as the effects of anthropogenic nutrient and pollutant load. Monitoring should have a holistic approach, encompassing both autotrophic (phytoplankton) and heterotrophic (e.g., bacterial) processes. 相似文献
172.
Zgola-Grzeskowiak A Grzeskowiak T Zembrzuska J Franska M Franski R Kozik T Lukaszewski Z 《Chemosphere》2007,67(5):928-933
Two poly(propylene glycol)s (PPGs): PPG 425 and PPG 725 were tested under the conditions of the OECD Screening Test with activated sludge as inoculum. Tested PPG were the sole source of organic carbon in the test. Quantitative determination of the biodegradation progress was performed by the HPLC with fluorescence detection after derivatisation of PPG with naphthyl isocyanate. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique was used for identification and semiquantitative determination of metabolites. Separation of PPG and metabolites from the water matrix was performed by liquid-liquid extraction with chloroform. It was found that the shorter PPG 425 is biodegraded significantly worse than the longer PPG 725 and that biodegradation occurs without shortening of the PPG chain for both PPG. PPG molecules are oxidised to ketones and/or aldehydes during the aerobic biodegradation process. 相似文献
173.
Chapman PJ Clark JM Reynolds B Adamson JK 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,151(1):110-120
Much uncertainty still exists regarding the relative importance of organic acids in relation to acid deposition in controlling the acidity of soil and surface waters. This paper contributes to this debate by presenting analysis of seasonal variations in atmospheric deposition, soil solution and stream water chemistry for two UK headwater catchments with contrasting soils. Acid neutralising capacity (ANC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and the Na:Cl ratio of soil and stream waters displayed strong seasonal patterns with little seasonal variation observed in soil water pH. These patterns, plus the strong relationships between ANC, Cl and DOC, suggest that cation exchange and seasonal changes in the production of DOC and seasalt deposition are driving a shift in the proportion of acidity attributable to strong acid anions, from atmospheric deposition, during winter to predominantly organic acids in summer. 相似文献
174.
Vincent Gauci David J.G. Gowing Edward R.C. Hornibrook Joanna M. Davis Nancy B. Dise 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(17):2157-2160
Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas that is predominantly emitted to the atmosphere from anoxic wetland ecosystems. Understanding the sources and emissions of CH4 is crucially important for climate change predictions; however, there are significant discrepancies between CH4 source estimates derived via so-called bottom-up and top-down methods. Here we report CH4 emission from the stems of mature wetland alder (Alnus glutinosa) trees in the UK, a common tree of northern hemisphere floodplains and wetlands. The alder stems most likely behave as conduits for soil-produced CH4 either in the gaseous or aqueous phase, and may, therefore, help to reconcile methodological differences in the way the wetland CH4 source is estimated.Alder tree stems emitted average peak CH4 fluxes of 101 μg CH4 m?2 h?1 (on a stem area basis) in early October, a rate that is similar to that obtained from mature Japanese ash (Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica) in Japan and amounting to approximately 20% of the measured CH4 flux from the soil surface. The finding suggests that trees, which occupy 60% of Earth's wetlands and are normally excluded from the measurement programmes that form the basis for bottom-up estimates of the global wetland source, could be important contributors to overall terrestrial ecosystem CH4 flux. 相似文献
175.
Conservation of species at risk of extinction is complex and multifaceted. However, mitigation strategies are typically narrow in scope, an artifact of conservation research that is often limited to a single species or stressor. Knowledge of an entire community of strongly interacting species would greatly enhance the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of conservation decisions. We investigated how camera trapping and spatial count models, an extension of spatial-recapture models for unmarked populations, can accomplish this through a case study of threatened boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Population declines in caribou are precipitous and well documented, but recovery strategies focus heavily on control of wolves (Canis lupus) and pay less attention to other known predators and apparent competitors. Obtaining necessary data on multispecies densities has been difficult. We used spatial count models to concurrently estimate densities of caribou, their predators (wolf, black bear [Ursus americanus], and coyote [Canis latrans]), and alternative prey (moose [Alces alces] and white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus]) from a camera-trap array in a highly disturbed landscape within northern Alberta's Oil Sands Region. Median densities were 0.22 caribous (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI] = 0.08–0.65), 0.77 wolves (95% BCI = 0.26–2.67), 2.39 moose (95% BCI = 0.56–7.00), 2.64 coyotes (95% BCI = 0.45–6.68), and 3.63 black bears (95% BCI = 1.25–8.52) per 100 km2. (The white-tailed deer model did not converge.) Although wolf densities were higher than densities recommended for caribou conservation, we suggest the markedly higher black bear and coyote densities may be of greater concern, especially if government wolf control further releases these species. Caribou conservation with a singular focus on wolf control may leave caribou vulnerable to other predators. We recommend a broader focus on the interacting species within a community when conserving species. 相似文献
176.
Bartkowiak Agata Lemanowicz Joanna Breza-Boruta Barbara 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(30):23893-23902
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The paper evaluates the contents of total forms of selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb) as well as the activity of catalase (CAT), dehydrogenases... 相似文献
177.
Burger J Gochfeld M Kosson DS Powers CW Jewett S Friedlander B Chenelot H Volz CD Jeitner C 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2006,91(1-2):27-40
Levels of radionuclides in seven species of marine brown algae and Ulva were determined to establish a baseline for the Northern Pacific Ocean/Bering Sea (Aleutian Islands). There were differences in levels among algal species and locations (Amchitka Island vs Kiska Island). No values were above the minimum detectable activity (MDA) level for (137)Cs, (129)I, (60)Co, (152)Eu, (90)Sr, and (99)Tc. There were interspecific differences in some radionuclides: Ulva lactuca (=Ulva fenestrata) had the highest levels of (241)Am, Alaria fistulosa had the highest levels of (239,240)Pu, and Fucus distichus (=Fucus gardneri) had the highest levels of (234)U, (235)U, and (238)U. However, levels of all radionuclides were generally low and near the MDA for all isotopes. Although Amchitka Island had higher levels of (239,240)Pu than Kiska, the differences were very small and not significant biologically. The data indicate that algae can be useful bioindicators of actinides because they accumulate them at very low environmental levels, allowing them to provide early warning of any potential seepage of radionuclides into the marine environment. Further, the data indicate that some species (the intertidal Fucus) are better accumulators than others, and these should be used as bioindicators in future monitoring schemes. 相似文献
178.
Tokarski T Roman-Liu D Kamińska J 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2012,18(1):47-57
The aim of this study was to assess handgrip and 5 other types of force in 52 women and to determine if handgrip force reflected general upper limb force capabilities correlated with age. The women were divided into subgroups according to age: 20-25, 45-50 and 55-65 years. Maximum forces of the right upper limb were measured in 6 types of force activities. In most tests the values of force showed statistically significant differences between the 20-25 group and the groups aged 45-50 and 55-64 years. The results did not show any differences related to age or to force activities that involved the small muscles of the forearms and hands. Thus handgrip force cannot always be considered an indicator of total force capabilities. 相似文献
179.
Abstract In this paper we examine the relationship between identification with the environmental movement and support for First Nations' land claims in order to determine the potential for an environmental justice movement in British Columbia. The findings are based on survey data collected from members of a wilderness preservation movement organization based on Vancouver Island. The findings demonstrate that the stronger an individual identifies with the environmental movement, the more s/he supports linking First Nations' land claims to conservation campaigns. We conclude by proposing that the wilderness preservation movement could increase its mobilization potential and widen the scope of the movement by including First Nations' issues in their campaigns. It could do this by expanding its frame to include issues of environmental justice, thereby connecting environmental protection and fair access to resources. 相似文献
180.
Białk-Bielińska A Maszkowska J Mrozik W Bielawska A Kołodziejska M Palavinskas R Stepnowski P Kumirska J 《Chemosphere》2012,86(10):1059-1065
Sulfonamides (SAs) are one of the oldest groups of veterinary chemotherapeutic agents. As these compounds are not completely metabolized in animals, a high proportion of the native form is excreted in feces and urine. They are therefore released either directly to the environment in aquacultures and by grazing animals, or indirectly during the application of manure or slurry. Once released into the environment, SAs become distributed among various environmental compartments and may be transported to surface or ground waters. The physicochemical properties of SAs, dosage and nature of the matrix are the factors mainly responsible for their distribution in the natural environment. Although these rather polar compounds have been in use for over half a century, knowledge of their fate and behavior in soil ecosystems is still limited. Therefore, in this work we have determined the sorption potential of sulfadimethoxine and sulfaguanidine on various natural soils. The influence on sorption of external factors, such as ionic strength and pH, were also determined. The sorption coefficients (Kd) obtained for the sulfonamides investigated were quite low (from 0.20 to 381.17 mL g−1 for sulfadimethoxine and from 0.39 to 35.09 mL g−1 for sulfaguanidine), which indicated that these substances are highly mobile and have the potential to run off into surface waters and/or infiltrate ground water. Moreover, the sorption of these pharmaceuticals was found to be influenced by OC, soil solution pH and ionic strength, with higher Kd values for soils of higher OC and lower Kd values with increasing pH and ionic strength. 相似文献