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381.
382.
Summary Expatriate consultants are employed in developing countries to perform assessments of the consequences to natural resources
and the environment of projects for economic development. Eventually (and as soon as possible) the developing countries must
be able to do their own assessments and provide continual guidance to economic planning and management. The presence of foreign
experts offers an opportunity to transfer technology and skills during the course of consultancies. A training component can
be added with appropriate additional compensation. Some of the barriers to successful training are identified and explored.
Careful planning by lenders, host country governments, consultants and trainers will be necessary to realize this potential
for building and strengthening indigenous capabilities to wisely exploit and sustain the renewable natural resource base.
The following experts from developing countries contributed substantially to this report: W. D. Ailapperuma (Sri Lanka), Herman
Haeruman (Indonesia), Noki Makap (Papua New Guinea), Somvonk Poshyananda (Thailand), Suh Junghyun (Korea) and Veronica Villavicencio
(Philippines).
Richard A. Carpenter M.A., Organic Chemistry, University of Missouri, 1949. Came to EAPI from the National Academy of Sciences/National
Research Council where he was executive director of the Commission on Natural Resources. Prior to establishing that office
in 1972, was chief of the Environmental Policy Division of the Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. Has contributed
to the passage and implementation of legislation including the National Environmental Policy Act and has been responsible
for a variety of studies interpreting and transferring technical information for decision-making. Began his career as a chemist
and has obtained patents in the field.
John A. Dixon Ph.D., Economics, Harvard University, 1977. B.A., Economics and Oriental Languages (Chinese), University of
California at Berkeley, 1968. Previously worked for the Ford Foundation in Indonesia as agriculture programme economist where
his main research interests were food policy analysis and natural resource management. At EAPI he is involved with environmental
applications of benefit-cost analysis as well as economic aspects of the coal-fuel cycle. 相似文献
383.
A resource survey and planning method for parks, reserves, and other environmentally significant areas (ESAs) is presented in the context of a holistic balanced approach to land use and environmental management. This method provides a framework for the acquisition, analysis, presentation, and application of diverse ecological data pertinent to land use planning and resource management within ESAs. Through the independent analysis and subsequent integration of abiotic, biotic, and cultural or ABC information, land areas within an ESA are identified in terms of their relative environmental significance and environmental constraints. The former term encompasses wildlife, historic, and other resource values, while the latter term reflects biophysical hazards and sensitivities, and land use conflicts. The method thus calls for a matching of an ESA's distinctive attributes with appropriate land use and institutional arrancements through an analysis of available acts, regulations, agencies, and other conservation and land use management mechanisms. The method culminates with a management proposal showing proposed park or reserve allocations, buffer areas, or other land use controls aimed at preserving an ESA's special ecological qualities, while providing for resource development. The authors suggest that all resource management decisions affecting ESA's should be governed by a philosophical stance that recognizes a spectrum of broad land use types, ranging from preservation to extractive use and rehabilitation. 相似文献
384.
The siting of facilities with undesirable environmental characteristics often leads to public conflict. Efforts to resolve the conflict and make siting decisions frequently exacerbate the problem. Environmental mediation, the process of negotiating an agreeable settlement, is an accepted approach to resolving conflict. This paper explores the use of incentive systems as a means of achieving equity in environmental mediation. Obnoxious and noxious characteristics of facilities are discussed as the basis of conflicts. Four types of incentives—mitigation, compensation, reward, and participation—are discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the utility and application of incentives for solving environmental conflicts. 相似文献
385.
386.
Issues of resource conservation and development are essentially about choice between alternative uses of land. Resource evaluation in rural planning has usually been based on assessments of land quality or capability in relation to a variety of alternative uses. In the case of wildlife, choices have to be made as to whether the wildlife resource is worth conserving at all and if so, which sites should be used. Considerable efforts have been made to rationalise, improve and make explicit the way in which choices are made, and this paper reviews the current position and draws attention to issues and developments which could lead to improvements in current practice. 相似文献
387.
388.
389.
John A. Kadlec 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(2):223-230
ABSTRACT: This paper reports an analysis of the water budgets of 10 small (5–6 ha) diked areas (cells) within the Delta Marsh in southcentral Manitoba, Canada. The important terms in the water budget equation in this study were precipitation (P), water pumped in (SWI), evapotranspiration (ET), seepage in (GWI) and out (GWO), and change in storage (ΔS). P, SWI, and S were measured directly, and the sum of ET and GWO determined by difference. Estimating ET as 0.7 pan evaporation gave a seepage loss of 2.9 mm/day from the most intensively studied cell. Other methods of estimating ET produced estimates of GWO ranging from 2.4 to 3.8 mm/day. Water budgets for less intensively studied cells indicated seepage loss increased as perimeter available for seepage increased, but not proportionately. Efforts to measure seepage directly or estimate it from measured hydraulic gradients and hydraulic conductivity produced estimates much lower than the estimates from the water budget equation. Hydraulic conductivities were very heterogeneous, reflecting the sorting of water deposited sediments. Comparison of the hydraulic conductivities with seepage estimates from the water budget strongly suggests water movement downward as well as laterally from these diked areas. 相似文献
390.
Robert B. Leonard Donald C. Signor Donald G. Jorgensen John O. Helgesen 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(6):903-912
ABSTRACT: The Dakota aquifer, composed of the Dakota Sandstone and stratigraphically equivalent sandstone units of Cretaceous age, is the upper-most regional aquifer underlying the extensively developed High Plains aquifer of the midwestern United States. The concentration of dissolved solids in ground water of the Dakota aquifer ranges from less than 500 milligrams per liter in calcium bicarbonate type water in the eastern outcrop area to more than 100,000 milligrams per liter in sodium chloride type oilfield brine in the Denver Basin to the west. Preliminary maps showing the distribution of dissolved solids confirm the complex nature of the Dakota aquifer as inferred from stratigraphic and hydraulic evidence. Extensive vertical leakage through confining layers, local recharge at the truncated eastern boundary, and a barrier to recharge along the western edge of the Denver Basin are consistent with the distribution of hydraulic head and dissolved solids. 相似文献