生物扰动对沉积物中污染物环境行为与生物可利用性的影响

疏水性有机污染物进入环境水体后易于与沉积物结合,对沉积物中的底栖动物造成危害。底栖动物引起的生物扰动作用可以通过改变沉积物的地球化学性质,对其中污染物的赋存形态、迁移转化和生物可利用性产生重要影响。在综述了国内外生物扰动影响沉积物中污染物环境行为和生物可利用性的最新研究进展基础上,重点讨论了沉积物颗粒交换、水体环境条件改变、疏水有机污染物解吸释放过程以及对生物扰动影响的定量化表征。最后对该研究方向进行了展望,指出应重点研究多种污染物及不同生物共存条件下的生态效应,以及造成沉积物扰动的影响因素的定量化表征等。     

基于虚拟样机技术的游乐设施安全分析方法探讨

游乐设施安全问题日益受到人们的关注。笔者介绍了虚拟样机技术的产生及其发展情况 ,并对两种主要虚拟样机应用软件 (ADAMS软件和SIMPACK软件 )进行了比较。根据目前国内游乐设施安全问题的实际情况 ,提出了应用虚拟样机技术解决该问题的重点和难点 .在充分分析的基础上 ,结合ADAMS软件论证了应用虚拟样机技术解决游乐设施安全问题的可能性 ,提出了初步的解决方法。为进一步将此方法应用于实际奠定了理论基础。     

概率稀释模型及其在污染物总量控制中的应用

本文简要介绍了概率稀释模型的理论基础及其改进方法，以肥城市康汇河为例，应用该模型确定了河流污染物各总量控制方案下的水质目标及其达标率，阐明了该模型在水体污染物总量控制中的应用。     

A land use regression for predicting NO2 and PM10 concentrations in different seasons in Tianjin region,China

Land use regression (LUR) model was employed to predict the spatial concentration distribution of NO2 and PM10 in the Tianjin region based on the environmental air quality monitoring data. Four multiple linear regression (MLR) equations were established based on the most significant variables for NO2 in heating season (R2 = 0.74), and non-heating season (R2 = 0.61) in the whole study area; and PM10 in heating season (R2 = 0.72), and non-heating season (R2 = 0.49). Maps of spatial concentration distribution for NO2 and PM10 were obtained based on the MLR equations (resolution is 10 km). Intercepts of MLR equations were 0.050 (NO2, heating season), 0.035 (NO2, non-heating season), 0.068 (PM10, heating season), and 0.092 (PM10, non-heating season) in the whole study area. In the central area of Tianjin region, the intercepts were 0.042 (NO2, heating season), 0.043 (NO2, non-heating season), 0.087 (PM10, heating season), and 0.096 (PM10, non-heating season). These intercept values might imply an area’s background concentrations. Predicted result derived from LUR model in the central area was better than that in the whole study area. R2 values increased 0.09 (heating season) and 0.18 (non-heating season) for NO2, and 0.08 (heating season) and 0.04 (non-heating season) for PM10. In terms of R2, LUR model performed more effectively in heating season than non-heating season in the study area and gave a better result for NO2 compared with PM10.     

仿生生物载体改善农村微污染饮用水源

简要分析了近几年新兴的仿生生物载体技术,该技术以培养发展本土微生物为核心,通过促进水体生态系统的发展,达到良好的生物净化的目标,并着重介绍了仿生生物载体技术治理的贵州大方县一个农村饮用水源的应用状况,实践表明：仿生生物载体技术在微污染水治理方面具有投资运行费用少,技术管理要求低等特点,对欠发达的城镇、农村具有良好的推广价值。     

Advanced treatment of dyeing wastewater towards reuse by the combined Fenton oxidation and membrane bioreactor process

The performance of combined Fenton oxidation and membrane bioreactor (MBR) process for the advanced treatment of an effluent from an integrated dyeing wastewater treatment plant was evaluated. The experimental results revealed that under the optimum Fenton oxidation conditions (initial pH 5, H 2 O 2 dosage 17 mmol/L, and Fe 2+ 1.7 mmol/L) the average total organic carbon (TOC) and color removal ratios were 39.3% and 69.5% after 35 min of reaction, respectively. Results from Zahn-Wallens Test also represented that Fenton process was effective to enhance the biodegradability of the test wastewater. As for the further purification of MBR process, TOC removal capacity was examined at different hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 10, 18 and 25 hr. Under the optimum HRT of 18 hr, the average TOC concentration and color of the final MBR effluent were 16.8 mg/L and 2 dilution time, respectively. The sludge yield coefficient was 0.13 g MLSS/g TOC and TOC degradation rate was 0.078 kg TOC/(m 3 ·day). The final effluent of MBR can meet the reuse criteria of urban recycling water-water quality standard for miscellaneous water consumption GBT18920-2002.     

遥感技术与陆地生态系统碳循环研究

在人类社会日益关注全球环境问题的今天,大气中CO2和CH4等温室气体浓度升高诱发的全球气候变化已成为可持续发展的最严峻挑战。因此,针对各个陆地生态系统的碳循环研究成为气候变化和区域发展研究的重点和关键。陆地生态系统中土地利用方式、植被种类等的变化,通过时间和空间的尺度来影响着全球碳循环,而遥感技术具有宏观、速度快、周期短、信息量大、多时相等特点,因此在植被覆盖和土地利用分类、碳循环遥感模型等方面都有着重要的应用。     

突发性跨界水污染事故环境风险源数据管理系统的建立

为了全面、准确、真实地展现跨界区域水污染事故环境风险源的分布和现状,并识别突发性跨界水污染事故风险源的风险等级,本文结合地理信息空间数据库技术,在数据管理系统功能框架与总体设计技术路线的指导下,建立了该风险源数据管理系统。结果显示,集合了Oracle属性数据库、ArcGIS空间数据库和识别指标模型的数据管理系统,实现了对跨界水污染事故风险源信息的可视化表征,并能对识别体系、对数据的需求进行及时响应,为风险源识别提供数据基础。     

高氯酸钠对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应

采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术方法研究高氯酸钠对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性效应,配制一系列高氯酸钠的浓度,对受精1h的胚胎进行染毒暴露,最后对斑马鱼胚胎的心率,孵化率,死亡率,畸形率进行统计分析。研究结果显示,高氯酸钠(NaClO4)浓度的增加,斑马鱼胚胎的心率和孵化率降低、死亡率和畸形率增加。斑马鱼48hpf的胚胎心率高浓度组比对照组下降了35%;72 h的孵化率由对照组的88%降低到高浓度组的36%;144 h的死亡率由对照组的5%增加到72%;144 h的畸形率由对照组的2%增加到91%,主要畸形表现为心包囊肿(PE),脊柱弯曲(AM),鱼鳔缺失(SBD)等。结果表明,高浓度的高氯酸钠(NaClO4)对斑马鱼胚胎发育有明显的剂量效应作用。     

基于属性识别理论模型的城市大气环境质量评价——以镇江市2009年为例

通过阐述属性识别理论和变异系数,建立大气环境质量评价的属性识别理论模型,并参照国家大气环境质量标准(GB3095-1996),以镇江市环保局2009年提供的原始数据为对象,对镇江市大气环境质量进行空间上的综合评价。结果表明,镇江句容市的大气环境质量为Ⅰ级(清洁),市区、扬中市和丹阳市的大气环境质量为Ⅱ级(轻污染)。同时,属性识别理论模型计算较为简单,评价客观;结合对主要污染物平均浓度变异系数的分析,使区域间的比较更为清晰,更能反映出真实情况。