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991.
Summary. The presence of considerable quantities of hydroquinones including hydroquinone, 2-methylhydroquinone, 2,3- dimethoxyhydroquinone,
2-methoxy-3-methylhydroquinone, and 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylhydroquinone renders the defensive secretion of Acladocricus setigerus (Silvestri, 1897) significantly different from that of other quinone-producing millipedes. In addition, two hitherto undescribed
compounds, namely, 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methylhydroquinone and 2-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyphenol, were characterized from the defensive
secretion. However, it is uncertain if the latter compound is formed after the release of the secretion. The two major compounds,
2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, constitute about 75% of the defensive fluid. Furthermore,
hydrocarbons, which are typically present in the secretions of most other arthropods that use benzoquinones as repellents,
are notably absent in the secretion of A. setigerus. 相似文献
992.
Reproductive modes and egg production were studied in 15 species of meso- and bathypelagic copepods from nine Calanoida families
in the Arctic Ocean. During shipboard incubation, females of seven species released eggs freely into the water and females
of three species produced membrane-bound egg sacs. One species, Aetideopsis rostrata, produced a mass of eggs looking like an egg sac, but the “sac” lacked a membrane and disintegrated within 2 h. Females of
four additional species were encountered with membrane-bound egg sacs in the preserved samples. In most families, only one
reproductive mode, either egg-carrying (the Euchaetidae, Augaptilidae), or broadcast spawning (the Heterorhabdidae, Spinocalanidae,
Scolecitrichidae, Tharybidae, Bathypontiidae) was observed. In contrast, different genera of the Aetideidae family demonstrated
different reproductive modes, with broadcast spawning predominant in the benthopelagic species, and both broadcast spawning
and egg-brooding in the planktonic species. Clutch size and egg diameter varied widely between species in both broadcast spawners
and egg-brooders. In broadcast spawners, the clutch size varied from 1 to 95 eggs female−1, while the average egg diameter ranged from 152 to 440 μm. The clutch size for egg brooders varied between 3 and 82, while
average egg diameter varied from 258 to 732 μm. Deep-water broadcast spawners produced much larger eggs compared to surface-dwelling
broadcast spawning species. This larger egg size may result in a reduction, or elimination, of feeding during naupliar stages,
thereby improving the survival potential of deep-water species. 相似文献
993.
In the summer of 2004, a video survey was carried out in the northern part of the central mud bank (Grande Vasière) of the
Bay of Biscay to study the small scale relationship between the dominant crustacean megafauna Nephrops norvegicus, Munida rugosa and Goneplax rhomboides and juvenile hake (Merluccius merluccius). Using a towed body, high-resolution videos were recorded in six sampling sites. Statistical modelling using generalised
additive models (GAM) revealed variations in activity patterns for two species. More N. norvegicus were observed outside their burrows at dawn and somewhat at dusk (no observations during night) while G. rhomboides was less observed in the morning. In addition, reduced spatial overlap between G. rhomboides and N. norvegicus suggested reduced competition for food but also space as both are burrowing species. The observed temporal and spatial activity
patterns may contribute to regulating assemblage structure as competing species may be actively foraging at different times
and locations thus reducing direct competition. 相似文献
994.
The effect of salinity on survival, bioenergetics and predation risk was studied in two common mud crabs in the Gulf of Mexico,
Eurypanopeus depressus and Panopeus simpsoni. Eurypanopeus survived better at low salinities (the 28-day LC50 of E. depressus was 0.19 PSU compared with 6.97 PSU for P. simpsoni). While low salinity increased energy expenditure and reduced food consumption and absorption, resulting in lower scope for
growth, identical responses to salinity occurred in both species. Both species also had similar salinity-dependent patterns
of hyper-osmoregulation. Because these physiological mechanisms could not explain differences between the two species in salinity
tolerance, we explored the effect of salinity on competition for refugia. Eurypanopeus had higher resource holding potential for refugia, especially at low salinity. As a consequence it had lower predation risk
to blue crabs in laboratory experiments. The higher tolerance by E. depressus for low salinities, and greater resource holding potential for refugia may explain why it has a more euryhaline distribution
than P. simpsoni. 相似文献
995.
Assessment of patch quality by ladybirds: relative response to conspecific and heterospecific larval tracks a consequence of habitat similarity? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Alexandra Magro Joseph N. Téné Nicolas Bastin Anthony F. G. Dixon Jean-Louis Hemptinne 《Chemoecology》2007,17(1):37-45
Summary. Aphid colonies can reach high levels of abundance but last for short periods of time. The larvae of aphidophagous ladybirds
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) that feed on these colonies might therefore suffer from starvation, which favours the occurrence
of cannibalism and intraguild predation. Thus, the assessment of patch quality becomes crucial and it has been shown that
female ladybirds refrain from laying eggs in the presence of an oviposition deterring semiochemical deposited by their larvae.
Adalia bipunctata (L.), Adalia decempunctata (L.) and Coccinella septempunctata L. are 3 sympatric species of ladybirds, which can co-occur in aphid colonies. As a consequence, their eggs and larvae are
under threat, not only from cannibalism but also intraguild predation. Females should, therefore, also use the tracks deposited
by heterospecific larvae to assess the quality of aphid colonies as oviposition sites. The expectation is that: 1- the strength
of the reaction to each other’s larval tracks should be correlated with percentage habitat overlap and that 2- the reaction
to conspecific larval tracks should be stronger than to heterospecific tracks. In order to test these hypotheses, females’
oviposition behaviour was analysed and a chemical analysis of the tracks of their larvae undertaken.
The results show that oviposition behaviour is not related to habitat overlap. Both species of Adalia react to tracks of their own larvae and those of C. septempunctata, but A. decempunctata reacted more strongly than A. bipunctata. C. septempunctata reacted very slightly to its own tracks but not to those of either species of Adalia.
The larval tracks are mainly composed of alkanes. Those of the two species of Adalia are qualitatively 100% similar and 60% so when the quantitative results are compared. They are, however, only 24–29% similar
to those of Coccinella septempunctata. 相似文献
996.
Estimating the amounts of resources consumed by individuals is important in many studies. For predators, allometric relationships
can be used to extrapolate the size of preys from undigested remains found in the stomach and in the faeces. However, such
equations are available for a limited number of species. Based on a large sample size gathered in New Caledonia on both predators
(sea kraits) and their preys (anguilliform fishes), we provide the first allometric relationships that allow estimating accurately
the mass and the size of various anguilliform fish species. 相似文献
997.
Kathryn B. McNamara Therésa M. Jones Mark A. Elgar 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(8):1177-1184
Male copulation experience may have a profound impact on female reproductive success if male reproductive investment declines
over consecutive copulations and if females are unlikely to re-mate. Male reproductive investment is particularly interesting
in lepidopterans because males produce dimorphic sperm: a fertilizing (eupyrene) and a non-fertilising (apyrene) sperm. In
two experiments, we explored the lifetime reproductive investment of male almond moths, Cadra cautella (also known as Ephestia cautella) and examined its influence on female reproductive success. In the almond moth, females re-mate infrequently and males transfer
sperm in a spermatophore. Attached to the spermatophore is a large chitinous process, the function of which is unknown. One
group of males were permitted consecutive copulations with virgin females and the amount of sperm and size of the spermatophore
transferred were compared for all females. We found that the number of both eupyrene and apyrene sperm per ejaculate decreased
with his increased mating frequency, while the size of the spermatophore process decreased dramatically after the male’s first
copulation. In a second experiment, we allowed males to mate with females throughout their lives and then compared female
fecundity and fertilisation success. We found no obvious decrease in female fecundity and fertilisation success with increased
male copulation experience, despite the likely reduction in male gametic investment. We discuss potential explanations for
the development of this enlarged and elaborate first spermatophore of male almond moths given that it confers no clear fitness
advantage to females. 相似文献
998.
Peter D. Dijkstra Renske Hekman Rüdiger W. Schulz Ton G. G. Groothuis 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,61(4):599-609
The nature of the costs maintaining honesty of sexual signalling in inter- and intrasexual interactions remains a contentious
issue. For carotenoid-based colour ornaments, it has been hypothesized that the honesty of the signal is enforced when carotenoid
allocation to colour expression is traded off against carotenoid availability for immunocompetence. In addition, honesty is
enforced if androgens required for colour expression are immunosuppressive. We tested whether there is a trade-off between
colour expression and immunocompetence in a lek-breeding haplochromine cichlid fish, Pundamilia nyererei, from Lake Victoria with a carotenoid-based nuptial dress. First, we showed that expression of red nuptial colouration and
social rank in a group were positively correlated. We then successfully manipulated the level of colour advertisement by socially
stimulating individually housed males with a rival male: Stimulated males developed larger areas of red nuptial colouration
and had higher levels of circulating 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) than non-stimulated males. We subsequently tested the humoral
immune response to a novel antigen (sheep red blood cells). There was no overall significant effect of social stimulation
on antibody production, but in the stimulated males, the degree of red colouration and the antibody response were negatively
correlated. This significant interaction between colour and treatment thus shows that the negative correlation between colouration
and antibody production is dependent on the (manipulated) social environment. This study provides correlational and experimental
evidence for a trade-off between expression of a sexual trait and one component of immune function in fish. We found no evidence
for a direct effect of 11-KT on antibody production, and we discuss alternative mechanisms that could mediate the trade-off. 相似文献
999.
C. Chambon A. Legeay G. Durrieu P. Gonzalez P. Ciret J. -C. Massabuau 《Marine Biology》2007,152(2):329-338
The aim of this study was to investigate how the worm Polydora sp., which induces oysters into creating mud blisters in response to an irritation within their shells, could interfere with
the oyster Crassostrea gigas physiology and ethology. The impact was characterized by studying two groups of oysters (non-parasitized and parasitized)
during a 30 days period: (1) the animal behaviour by analysing their valve activity (valvometry), and (2) the animal respiratory
physiology by measuring in vivo the oxygen partial pressure and the specific oxygen consumption in selected tissues (heart,
fast and slow adductor muscle). We also researched a putative impact on the expression of several oxidative stress genes at
the heart level. Our results show that Polydora sp. is clearly an oyster’s parasite as it induces a decrease in oyster growth according to the infestation intensity. Moreover,
it modifies the behaviour and the respiratory physiology of the molluscs. Infested animals opened more frequently but for
less time and their level of blood oxygenation was systematically higher than healthy molluscs. These high levels of oxygenation
had no effect on the oxidative metabolism of the tissues studied but they induced oxidative stress. Indeed, the superoxide
dismutase gene showed a threefold increase in expression in the heart of infested oysters. A putative scenario of the weakening
mechanism is proposed. 相似文献
1000.
Olivier Roux Charles Gers Josèphe Nathan Tene-Ghomsi Laurence Arvanitakis Dominique Bordat Luc Legal 《Chemoecology》2007,17(1):13-18
Summary. Cotesia plutellae is a specialist parasitoid of Plutella xylostella. This specificity is potentially under the control of several factors before and after oviposition. Thereby, the stimuli
that lead female parasitoids to host locations and to oviposition, might be at the basis of the specificity. We explore here
the response of C. plutellae females exposed to host cuticular lipids. A total cuticular lipid extract of host caterpillars was fractionated into a hydrocarbon
fraction and a non-hydrocarbon fraction. Neither fraction alone had any effect on oviposition behaviour in C. plutellae but the hydrocarbon fraction alone did seem to have a positive effect on the rate of antennal contact by the females. To
induce oviposition behaviour, both fractions were necessary and reflect cooperation between at least one compound in each
fraction. Identification of cuticular lipids shows that hydrocarbons were dominant (77%). Non-hydrocarbon compounds were mainly
represented by 15-nonacosanone (18% of the total lipid extract). This ketone is rare in insect cuticle lipids and is thought
to originate from the cabbage epicuticle where it is dominant with n-C29 and 14- and 15-nonacosanol also found among the cuticular lipids of the host caterpillar. 相似文献