高铵氮废水生物硝化过程抑制现象初探

采用SBR反应器研究了硝化反应中氨氧化和亚硝酸氧化的抑制动力学,发现了氨氧化过程的多态现象.当自由氨浓度小于10mg·L-1时,氨氧化菌不会受到抑制,为氨氧化菌的第一个稳态阶段;当自由氨浓度大于10mg·L-1、小于50mg·L-1时,氨氧化菌受到抑制,为第一过渡阶段;当自由氨浓度大于50 mg·L-1、小于175mg·L-1时,氨氧化菌同样不受抑制,为氨氧化菌的第二稳态阶段;当自由氨浓度约大于175mg·L-1时,氨氧化再次受到抑制,直到自由氨浓度达到约750 mg·L-1,氨氧化反应才趋于停止.对于亚硝酸氧化菌,自由氨浓度1 mg·L-1为其受抑制的下限,50mg·L-1时亚硝酸氧化反应完全停止.Haldane抑制动力学方程可以较好地描述氨氧化的铵氮或自由氨基质抑制动力学过程.亚硝酸氧化的铵氮抑制过程也可较好地用Haldane抑制动力学来描述.     

西枝江流域浮游植物群落结构特征与主要环境因子的关系研究

于2012年枯水期、丰水期与平水期(2、8、11月)在西枝江全流域开展浮游植物群落的种类组成、密度和生物多样性指数研究,并分析环境因子与浮游植物群落之间的关系.结果表明,西枝江流域共检出浮游植物6门98种,其中卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)为流域全年常见种,西枝江流域浮游植物种类数由上游至下游逐渐增加,且支流淡水河浮游植物种类和数量高于干流;西枝江流域水体浮游植物群落密度变化范围为2.2×104~6.72×106cell·L~(-1);Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数评价结果表明,西枝江流域部分点位浮游植物群落生物多样性受到一定程度的损害.西枝江流域平水期总氮浓度显著高于枯水期、丰水期(p0.05);西枝江干流总磷全年差异不明显(p0.05),支流淡水河总磷在枯水期显著高于丰水期、平水期(p0.05).氮磷含量空间分布特征为淡水河高于西枝江下游高于西枝江中游,西枝江上游水质最优,且浮游植物指示种的演替与流域内水质变化情况相吻合;RDA分析结果表明,氮磷营养盐、T以及CODMn是西枝江流域浮游植物群落结构的重要影响因子.     

环境影响评价中生物多样性的影响评价探析

环境影响评价分为规划环境影响评价和建设项目环境影响评价。由于两种环境评价类型的发展情况不同,其生物多样性影响评价的发展情况也有所不同。根据其特点概括分析了生物多样性影响评价的现状,包括评价原则和评价方法,指出不足之处,并初步提出了评价指标的筛选。     

SBR系统反硝化除磷研究进展

本文结合近年来国内外最新研究成果，对SBR系统反硝化除磷的机理、过程进行了分析、总结。并重点探讨了NO2^-对反硝化除磷的影响，以期为传统脱氮除磷工艺的研究、改进提供新思路。     

桂林市细颗粒物典型排放源单颗粒质谱特征研究

利用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪(SPAMS)对桂林市四类PM2.5典型污染源排放颗粒物的粒径和化学成分进行分析,结果表明:除扬尘颗粒外,其他几类源排放颗粒物的粒径集中在0.2~1.25μm之间.几类污染源排放颗粒物的化学成分有明显区别,柴油车以EC颗粒为主,占总电离颗粒的74.7%,汽油车以富钙颗粒为主,占总电离颗粒的86.7%,燃煤排放以富铁、富铬颗粒为主,二者合计占了总电离颗粒的59.9%,生物质燃烧以含左旋葡聚糖颗粒为主,占总电离颗粒的44.4%,扬尘颗粒以富铝颗粒为主,占总电离颗粒的69.4%.这些特征为大气颗粒物的源解析提供了可能.     

Investigation of oil vapor emission and its evaluation methods

In oil operations such as storage, loading, and unloading, there are many chances for oil vapor to be emitted from tanks, tankers or truck tanks into the air. Oil vapor emission (OVE), having serious harmful effects on people and the environment, is always an important research topic for scientists, engineers or managers engaged in the fields of oil production and transportation, fire prevention, and environmental protection. As the second greatest oil consuming country in the world, China has particular interests in investigating ways to better methods to realize and then control the OVE. In this paper, three evaluation methods for the OVE are introduced and summed up. In particular, a set of self-founded OVE’s appraisement methods, which work by theoretical deduced equations integrated with both a software PELES-2.0 and a simple correction method, was systematically investigated. This appraisement system can conveniently and accurately be applied to evaluate the OVE, and further it can also provide base references and/or guides for the law makers, enterprise managers and equipment developers in controlling OVEs.     

北京市汽车涂装VOCs治理现状与减排潜力分析

汽车制造是北京市的重要支柱型产业,也是挥发性有机物(VOCs)的重要排放源之一。在充分调研VOCs治理现状的基础上,对高端乘用车和普通乘用车涂装工艺各环节的产排污特征进行分析,并对其减排潜力进行重点研究。结果表明,由于高端乘用车生产线对各环节废气的全面处理等因素,VOCs排放水平显著低于普通乘用车;普通乘用车水性漆喷涂环节是最具减排潜力的关键点,若采用“干式除漆雾(循环风)+转轮吸附+焚烧”的改进处理措施,预计可实现VOCs减排比率达39.62%,但相应增加的环保投资对生产企业会形成一定的成本压力。     

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

基于可计算一般均衡模型的张掖市水资源调控模拟研究

引入可计算一般均衡模型作为张掖市水资源调控研究的基础工具,模拟计算了张掖市将种植业部门生产规模和产品输出调控在不同水平时的社会经济运行情况。结果表明:现有生产条件下,缩减种植业部门产品的生产或向外输出均有利于国民经济生产中水资源的优化配置,并促进张掖市社会经济的发展;相对于控制种植业部门的生产规模来说,控制种植业部门产品的向外输出水平不仅能使张掖市取得更好的社会经济效益,而且还能从经济生产用水中节约出7 746.82×104m3的水资源,可用于张掖市社会经济生活的消耗或黑河流域中下游的生态环境建设。     

Denitrifying phosphorus removal in a step-feed CAST with alternating anoxic-oxic operational strategy

A bench-scale cyclic activated sludge technology (CAST) was operated to study the biological phosphorus removal performance and a series of batch tests was carried out to demonstrate the accumulation of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in CAST system. Under all operating conditions, step-feed CAST with enough carbon sources in influent had the highest nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency as well as good sludge settling performance. The average removal rate of COD, NH₄⁺-N, PO₄³⁻ -P and total nitrogen (TN) was 88.2%, 98.7%, 97.5% and 92.1%, respectively. The average sludge volume index (SVI) was 133 mL/g. The optimum anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) conditions for the cultivation of DNPAOs could be achieved by alternating anoxic/oxic operational strategy, thus a significant denitrifying phosphorus removal occurred in step-feed CAST. The denitrification of NOx− -N completed quickly due to step-feed operation and enough carbon sources, which could enhance phosphorus release and further phosphorus uptake capability of the system. Batch tests also proved that polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the step-feed process had strong denitrifying phosphorus removal capacity. Both nitrate and nitrite could be used as electron acceptors in denitrifying phosphorus removal. Low COD supply with step-feed operation strategy would favor DNPAOs accumulation.