大气污染对呼吸系统疾病的影响——以河南省A市为例

文章将二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)等主要污染物的监测浓度值与呼吸系统疾病(支气管炎、肺炎、哮喘)住院人数进行相关性分析,以探讨A市大气污染对呼吸系统疾病的影响。研究结果表明,二氧化氮(NO2)和可吸入颗粒物(PM10)对支气管炎住院人数有显著影响,可吸入颗粒物(PM10)还与哮喘住院人数有密切的关系,因此A市大气污染可能与呼吸系统疾病的环境病因有关。     

地震应急照片的归集、整理与归档

地震应急工作将会产生很多珍贵的照片,对这些照片的归集、整理和存档一直缺少明确的要求。为了使地震应急,特别是地震现场应急工作的照片档案管理形成统一的管理体系,以陕西省地震局汶川地震现场工作为例,按照（GB／T11821—2002照片档案管理规范》对照片资料的要求,结合工作实践,提出地震应急照片档案管理的思路和实现的途径,以便这些地震应急珍贵图片资料能得到较好的管理与检索。     

Cognitive skills and bacterial load: comparative evidence of costs of cognitive proficiency in birds

Parasite-mediated selection may affect the evolution of cognitive abilities because parasites may influence development of the brain, but also learning capacity. Here, we tested some predictions of this hypothesis by analyzing the relationship between complex behaviours (feeding innovations (as a measure of behavioural flexibility) and ability to detect foreign eggs in their nests (i.e. a measure of discriminatory ability)) and abundance of microorganisms in different species of birds. A positive relationship would be predicted if these cognitive abilities implied a larger number of visited environments, while if these skills favoured detection and avoidance of risky environments, a negative relationship would be the prediction. Bacterial loads of eggshells, estimated for mesophilic and potentially pathogenic bacteria (i.e. Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriaceae), were used as a surrogate of probability of contact with pathogenic bacteria. We found that bird species with higher feeding innovation rates and rejection rates of experimental brood parasitic eggs had higher density of bacteria on their eggshells than the average species. Since the analysed groups of microorganisms include pathogenic bacteria, these results suggest that both feeding innovation and ability to recognize foreign eggs are costly and highlight the importance of parasite-mediated selection in explaining the evolution of cognitive abilities in animals.     

土地利用方式对喀斯特山区土壤养分及有机碳活性组分的影响

通过对喀斯特山区5种土地利用方式(林地、 花椒林、 火龙果林、 退耕草丛和旱地)土壤养分和活性组分含量的比较研究,探讨了土壤质量对土地利用变化的响应。结果表明,林地土壤养分和活性组分含量最高,其中土壤有机碳、 微生物生物量碳、 氮、 磷、 易氧化有机碳和可溶性有机碳含量分别为44.80 g·kg^-1、 477.86 mg·kg^-1、 102.87 mg·kg^-1、 17.54 mg·kg^-1、 7.72 g·kg^-1和166.43 mg·kg^-1,土壤养分和活性组分含量总体按花椒林、 火龙果林、 退耕草丛和旱地依次下降。除旱地与经自然恢复15 a的退耕草丛土壤养分和活性组分含量较为接近,大多未达显著差异水平外,其他土地利用方式间土壤养分和活性组分均存在显著差异。冗余分析表明,土壤有机碳是影响活性组分变化的主要影响因子;花椒林对土壤养分和活性组分的累积效应仅次于林地,且明显高于火龙果林和旱地。研究阐明了喀斯特土壤的自然修复是一个非常缓慢的过程,需辅以必要的造林措施加速其恢复,花椒林可以作为喀斯特山区农业生产或生态恢复过程中优先考虑的植被类型。     

Changes in the sorption, desorption, distribution, and availability of copper, induced by application of sewage sludge on Chilean soils contaminated by mine tailings

The effect of mine tailings and sewage sludge was evaluated on sorption, desorption, availability and distribution of copper in two soils, one high (sandy soil) and one low in copper (clay soil). In both soils contaminated by mine tailings the copper sorption capacity and the affinity of the substrate for the metal decreased substantially compared to the uncontaminated soils, however, the sorption remained always high in the clay soil substrates. In the substrates with sandy soil, the high Cu content and lower clay content were determining factors in the lower magnitude of the sorption. Similarly, metal desorption was closely related to these two parameters, and it was higher in clay soil with lower pH. In general, the application of sewage sludge favored the sorption of Cu in soils contaminated and uncontaminated with mine tailings, and in all cases desorption decreased, an effect that remained for at least 30 days. Simple extraction of Cu with CaCl2 and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gave contradictory results, so a careful choice of the procedure is required, depending on the level of metal in the soil and on the acting principle of the extracting agent. In that relation, more complete information on the changes in the metal forms was obtained by application of the sequential extraction procedure proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference.     

氮磷胁迫下藻-菌群落的变化研究

近年来,由于水体富营养化而导致的蓝藻水华在我国太湖与滇池等淡水湖泊频繁爆发,已成为严重的环境问题,而氮、磷则是引起水体富营养化的重要营养因子。文章通过藻细胞计数、细菌群落的DGGE监测,以及典型对应CCA分析,系统研究了不同的氮磷浓度、N/P比对藻-菌群落结构的影响及其相互关系。结果表明,氮磷浓度和N/P比均会影响藻类生长,其中,氮磷浓度较N/P比对藻类生物量的影响更大;N/P=12为藻类生长的最适条件,氮限制(N/P=3)和磷限制(N/P=48)均会抑制藻类生长;添加外源氮磷可促进细菌的生长,提高其多样性,但随着N/P比的提高,其种群多样性呈逐渐下降趋势;细菌群落主要由β-proteobacteria类细菌组成,其次是α-proteobacteria,然后是Bacteroidetes和γ-proteobacteria。与氮、磷营养盐相比,藻类群落对细菌群落的影响更大。     

南海北部沿岸海域近江牡蛎体中的三氯杀螨醇

在南海北部沿岸23个观测站,于2008～2010每年春季分别采集成体近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis),取其软组织进行均质,有机溶剂超声萃取,浓硫酸净化,硅土/氧化铝柱层析,然后用气相色谱法测定其中三氯杀螨醇(DCF)。测定结果(10-9,湿重)显示:DCF含量在65.2%样本中低于检出限,在其余样本中为0.244～4.42,明显低于发达国家的最大残留限量和国际组织的容许摄入量。牡蛎体中DCF的区域平均含量在北部湾顶明显较高(1.41),在粤西(0.278)和海南岛(0.199)相对较低,在珠江口(0.769)高于总体平均含量(0.547),在粤东为0.466。牡蛎体DCF含量的年际变化明显,总体在2009年(0.778)明显高于2010年(0.489)和2008年(0.373),在不同区域、不同测站的年际变化大小不一。     

大型浮顶储油罐雷击事故分析及防范对策

对几起典型的大型浮顶储油罐雷击事故进行了分析,总结了这些事故存在的共性问题。通过开展大型浮顶储油罐的直击雷及雷电感应模拟试验,找出大型浮顶储油罐导电片等现有防雷设施在设计和安装中存在的问题,提出了取消二次密封装置上的导电片、安装等电位连接装置等技术措施,以有效减少大型浮顶储油罐火灾事故的发生。     

海洋干湿交替环境下电偶腐蚀及其研究方法进展

主要分析了海洋干湿交替环境下干湿比、间浸频率、盐分浓缩、腐蚀产物等因素对电偶腐蚀的影响。简单介绍了电偶腐蚀研究方法如浸泡法、电化学实验法,以及近年来电偶腐蚀研究新技术,指出电偶腐蚀研究中面临的问题并对今后电偶腐蚀研究方向进行展望。     

江苏省生态工业园指标体系研究

文章在分析了国内现有的生态工业园相关指标体系的基础上,结合江苏省工业园区的特点,提出了江苏省生态工业园区指标体系。指标体系包括经济发展、物质减量与循环、污染控制、园区管理四个方面,共27项指标构成的指标体系,其中约束性指标25项,参考性指标2项。这为江苏省级生态工业园区的创建和考核提供了依据。