纳氏试剂比色法测定污水中氨氮的优化研究

纳氏试剂比色法测定污水中氨氮,其蒸馏预处理过程存在耗时长、馏出液接收不便和操作繁琐等问题.文章对预处理及测定方法进行了优化,提出将水样蒸馏体积减少为50 mL,后期比色体积减少为25 mL,并去除硼酸吸收液,改为直接接收馏出液.经验证,其结果与国标方法无显著性差异,标样验证相对误差为-0.8%~0.9%,实际样品测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.9%~4.4%,加标回收率为94%~107%.优化的方法测量数据稳定,结果准确,在测定污水中氨氮具有实际应用意义.     

陆地生态系统呼吸温度敏感性及影响因素研究

陆地生态系统是全球第二大碳库,生态系统呼吸的任何细微变化都会在很大程度上影响着全球碳循环,改变大气中CO2浓度,而气候变化(如气候变暖)反过来会影响生态系统呼吸,从而增强温室效应.呼吸对温度的敏感性系数(Q10)是定量气候-碳循环反馈的一个关键参数,其相关研究仍存在较大的不确定性.本文探究了Q10的影响因素、时空变异性及机理解释,阐述了表观Q10和内在Q10的机理差异,指出内在Q10是有机物分解对温度的敏感性,更能反映生态系统碳循环对气候变化的本质反馈.     

西南典型岩溶地下河系统水文地球化学特征对比:以重庆市青木关、老龙洞为例

为探究不同土地利用类型和人类活动方式下西南典型岩溶地下河的水文地球化学特征,以地质背景相似的重庆青木关和老龙洞地下河为例,从月动态、单场降雨动态两个尺度,利用独立样本t检验、主成分分析(PCA)等方法对两岩溶地下河出口姜家泉、老龙洞的水文地球化学特征及其影响因素进行对比研究.结果表明,姜家泉与老龙洞的Ca~(2+)、HCO_3~-、Mg~(2+)、K~+、NO_3~-、Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-、电导率等差异显著,姜家泉K+、NO-3的月动态变化幅度和浓度均值大于老龙洞,Na~+、SO_4~(2-)、Cl~-的月动态变化幅度和浓度均值则小于老龙洞.由PCA分析可知,水-岩作用对两岩溶地下河水的水化学特征及变化都起重要作用,但青木关主要受农业活动影响,老龙洞则主要受城镇活动、工业活动影响.由于人类活动影响方式和程度的差异,两岩溶地下河对单场降雨的响应也不同,姜家泉各指标变化与流量变化高度一致,老龙洞各指标的变化相对无序.青木关水化学特征的动态变化受水土流失、农业活动影响较大,水-岩作用次之.老龙洞则主要受到水-岩作用的影响,受城镇活动、工业活动、水土流失作用的影响也较明显.     

中国正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中典型污染指标特性比较分析

本研究基于1991—2018年期间的相关报道,通过单因子和內梅罗指数法、地下水质量评分法等方法及SPSS 24.0和Origin 2017等分析软件分别对我国正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中的主要污染指标进行了评价,通过累计污染负荷比法分别对其进行了识别,并分析了正规与非正规填埋场地下水的污染特征与差异,以期为我国不同类型的生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染的修复和治理提供指导.结果表明:我国正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中已报道检出污染指标共计89种,非正规共计93种;其中在非正规填埋场地下水中,有机物、无机盐以及重金属污染指标的数量都较之正规的更多.正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水中普遍性、局部性和点源性的主要污染指标差异明显,虽然两种不同类型的填埋场地下水中均普遍存在有机物(高锰酸盐指数)、无机盐(氨氮、氯化物、硝酸盐氮)和重金属(铁)污染指标,但是在非正规填埋场地下水中还普遍含锰和砷,局部含汞;在正规填埋场地下水中,普遍含汞,局部含锰.同时,我国正规、非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水质量综合评分F值分别为7.69和8.11,都属于极差级别,表明无论是正规还是非正规填埋场,其地下水都已受到了严重污染,其中非正规的污染程度明显高于正规的.因此,生活垃圾填埋场对地下水的污染应引起社会的关注,尤其应加强对非正规生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染的修复和治理.     

济南市典型机动车的尾气颗粒物污染特征与影响因素研究

采用便携式仪器,借鉴双怠速尾气检测法,利用自行设计的尾气采样装置,选择济南市区道路上10辆不同类型的机动车,现场测量尾气颗粒物的质量浓度和数浓度.基于实验数据,分析了机动车尾气颗粒物污染特征,深入探索了影响尾气颗粒物浓度的主要因素,提出了相应的对策建议.结果表明:①怠速工况下机动车尾气中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)质量浓度、PM_(0.01～1)数浓度较低,平均分别为0.035～1.434和0.049～3.669 mg·m~(-3)、(0.95～21.69)×10~4 cm~(-3);高怠速工况下颗粒物质量浓度和数浓度较高, PM_(2.5)质量浓度为0.350～5.132 mg·m~(-3),最大值来自大型柴油货车8.394 mg·m~(-3); PM_(10)质量浓度高达1.708～7.862 mg·m~(-3),最大值来自大型柴油客车8.672 mg·m~(-3); PM_(0.01～1)数浓度为(6.78～40.68)×10~4 cm~(-3).②随着发动机转速和车型增大、排放标准降低,机动车尾气中颗粒物质量浓度和数浓度明显升高.与怠速工况相比,高怠速工况下的PM_(2.5)质量浓度升高3～44倍, PM_(0.01～1)数浓度升高2～33倍.与小型车相比,中、大型车的PM_(2.5)质量浓度升高约5倍, PM_(0.01～1)数浓度升高约2倍.使用92号汽油排放的颗粒物质量浓度与数浓度约为95号汽油车的2倍,柴油车排放的颗粒物浓度高于汽油车.国III标准的汽油车尾气颗粒物的质量浓度与数浓度约是国IV和国V标准的2～4倍.③提高机动车排放标准和燃油品质,减少在实际道路行驶中突然加速或启动等高怠速工况的瞬态变化,加强对中、大型车尤其是大型柴油车的监管,能够一定程度上减轻机动车尾气颗粒物污染.     

农药毒死蜱对小鼠脑细胞氧化损伤的研究

毒死蜱是一种高效、低毒、广谱的有机磷杀虫杀螨剂.为研究其对生物体的氧化损伤,以昆明小鼠为受试体,毒死蜱按3、6和12 mg·kg-13个剂量水平灌胃染毒小鼠7d,以脑组织匀浆测定活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)、还原型谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)和丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量,以脑细胞测定DNA-蛋白质交联(DNA-protein Crosslink,DPC)系数.实验结果表明,随着毒死蜱染毒剂量的升高,ROS和MDA含量及DPC系数逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标呈一定的剂量-效应关系.染毒剂量为6 mg·kg-1时,与对照组相比,DPC有显著差异(p＜0.05),MDA有极显著差异(P＜0.01);染毒剂量为12 mg·kg-1时,与对照组相比,ROS和DPC有显著差异(p＜0.05),GSH和MDA有极显著差异(p＜0.01).说明较高剂量的毒死蜱可造成小鼠脑组织的氧化损伤和DNA-蛋白质交联作用增强.     

毛竹入侵对常绿阔叶林主要树种的化感作用研究

为探讨毛竹入侵对周边森林环境的影响,以毛竹浸提液处理苦槠、青冈种子,测定种子萌发效应.结果表明,两树种种子萌发与浸提液浓度和来源有关.浓度效应表现为高抑低促的作用规律,高浓度处理下苦槠的发芽率为对照的82.3%~102.2%,青冈为对照的80%~90.9%,而低浓度处理下分别为对照的101.7%~107.6%和94.9%~109.1%.除低浓度处理对苦槠发芽速度无影响外,其他处理均对两树种发芽速度有显著的延缓作用(P<0.05).高浓度浸提液对苦槠根系活力有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),抑制率为41.1%~62.4%.不同来源浸提液处理间差异明显,根系浸提液处理的种子发芽率最低.苦槠芽苗的芽长与不同来源浸提液间差异不显著(P>0.05),而青冈芽苗芽长与不同来源浸提液间差异显著(P<0.05),茎叶、根系与枯落物浸提液高于土壤浸提液.这些结果说明毛竹具有潜在的化感作用,可能有利于其入侵周边森林,从而危害周边森林环境.     

A method for simplifying the analysis of traffic accidents injury severity on two-lane highways using Bayesian networks

Introduction

This study describes a method for reducing the number of variables frequently considered in modeling the severity of traffic accidents. The method's efficiency is assessed by constructing Bayesian networks (BN).

Method

It is based on a two stage selection process. Several variable selection algorithms, commonly used in data mining, are applied in order to select subsets of variables. BNs are built using the selected subsets and their performance is compared with the original BN (with all the variables) using five indicators. The BNs that improve the indicators’ values are further analyzed for identifying the most significant variables (accident type, age, atmospheric factors, gender, lighting, number of injured, and occupant involved). A new BN is built using these variables, where the results of the indicators indicate, in most of the cases, a statistically significant improvement with respect to the original BN.

Conclusions

It is possible to reduce the number of variables used to model traffic accidents injury severity through BNs without reducing the performance of the model.

Impact on Industry

The study provides the safety analysts a methodology that could be used to minimize the number of variables used in order to determine efficiently the injury severity of traffic accidents without reducing the performance of the model.     

Leadership and employees’ perceived safety behaviours in a nuclear power plant: A structural equation model

Leadership is considered an essential element in guaranteeing the safe running of organizations. The purpose of the present study is to find out how leader behaviours influence employees’ safety behaviours (perceived safety behaviours) in the nuclear field. In an attempt to answer this question, the authors of this research have considered the way this influence is exercised, taking into consideration some important factors like safety culture and safety climate. To achieve this, the empowerment leadership model, based on a behavioural approach to leadership, was used. The sample was made up of 566 employees from a Spanish nuclear power plant. The results indicated that when safety culture was strong, leader behaviour generated a higher safety climate among the members, which predicted their perceived safety behaviours. Support was found for a structural model linking leadership and safety behaviour to safety culture and safety climate. The implications of these findings for the theory of safety and the way they can be put into practice are outlined.     

Investigation of oil vapor emission and its evaluation methods

In oil operations such as storage, loading, and unloading, there are many chances for oil vapor to be emitted from tanks, tankers or truck tanks into the air. Oil vapor emission (OVE), having serious harmful effects on people and the environment, is always an important research topic for scientists, engineers or managers engaged in the fields of oil production and transportation, fire prevention, and environmental protection. As the second greatest oil consuming country in the world, China has particular interests in investigating ways to better methods to realize and then control the OVE. In this paper, three evaluation methods for the OVE are introduced and summed up. In particular, a set of self-founded OVE’s appraisement methods, which work by theoretical deduced equations integrated with both a software PELES-2.0 and a simple correction method, was systematically investigated. This appraisement system can conveniently and accurately be applied to evaluate the OVE, and further it can also provide base references and/or guides for the law makers, enterprise managers and equipment developers in controlling OVEs.