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排序方式: 共有109条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
Mortality and morbidity benefits of air pollution (SO2 and PM10) absorption attributable to woodland in Britain 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Forests in Britain produce social and environmental benefits, in addition to marketable timber outputs. One such non-market benefit is the reduction in air pollution, linked to health impacts (mortality and morbidity). This study assesses the benefits of SO2 and PM10 absorption by trees in terms of extending life expectancy of the population and reducing hospital admissions. Working at a resolution of 1 km2 with woodland over 2 ha, it is estimated that, for Britain as a whole, woodland saves between 5 and 7 deaths, that would otherwise have been brought forward, and between 4 and 6 hospital admissions each year. The economic value of the health effect of woodland is estimated to be at least 900,000 pounds Sterling per year. Smaller areas of woodland, often located closer to population, sometimes strategically planted close to pollution sources, will generate additional air pollution absorption benefits to those estimated here. Researching such benefits would require more detailed data than is available at present for a national study. However, the health benefits of woodland are relatively small in comparison to other non-market forestry benefits. 相似文献
52.
T H. Stevens Jonathan Miller Cleve Willis 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1992,28(4):681-685
ABSTRACT: Little is known about how different types of municipal water rate structures influence residential water use. Conventional wisdom suggests that increasing block rate structures promote conservation, but analysis of data from 85 Massachusetts communities does not support this view. 相似文献
53.
Gregory A. Vaut Cleve E. Willis 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1973,9(6):1182-1187
ABSTRACT: In spite of the rather large volume of literature suggesting that non-efficiency objectives ought to be incorporated into water resource planning frameworks, little has been done to date. A partial explanation is that when goals are in conflict we have no “objective” criteria upon which to make the trade-offs. Also, there are problems of measuring the degree to which various policy actions lead to achievement of various goals. Nevertheless, this paper argues that given the magnitude of the possible gains from incorporating these considerations, considerable effort to overcome these problems is justified. Accordingly, we outline some procedures for making these trade-offs and suggest an alternative (practical) planning framework. 相似文献
54.
Peter Willis 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1972,12(1-2):58-65
A DEVELOPING STRATEGY FOR THE WEST MIDLANDS
Report by The West Midland Regional Study, 1971. N.p.s
ARCHITECTURE BY TEAM
W. W. Caudill
Van Nostrand Reinhold, N.Y. £9.00
KINETIC ARCHITECTURE
William Zuk and Roger H. Clark
London: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1970
164pp. including plates and diagrams. £7.50
LANDSCAPE AND ANTIQUITY: Aspects of English Culture at Sourhead 1718 to 1838
Kenneth Woodbridge
Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1970. £5.00
A HISTORY OF GARDENS AND GARDENING
Edward Hyams J. M. Dent, London. £7.50 相似文献
55.
K. G. Willis P. L. Mcmahon G. D. Garrod N. A. Powe 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2002,45(3):363-379
Water companies have to ensure that supply and demand for water are kept in balance. This can necessitate the development of new sources of supply that may conflict with local wildlife interests. The paper reviews the policy background to this problem in the UK. It then presents an appraisal of a project to artificially recharge an aquifer with river water during the winter period, and abstract the water in the summer to augment shortages during drought conditions. The research investigates the preference trade-offs of water company customers between increasing security of supply and potential environmental impacts on local wetland sites and river flows. A cost-benefit analysis of the project is presented. The study also reveals a disparity between the site-specific valuation and that generated using the Environment Agency's approved benefit transfer guidelines. 相似文献
56.
Several surveys have investigated the nature of farming under urban fringe conditions but none, until now, have involved the continuous monitoring of criminal and civil law incidents over a period of time. This paper describes the results of such a survey on urban fringe farms between Tyneside and Sunderland in North‐East England. The analysis outlines the nature of offences which occurred, the type of offender, the time incurred by and cost of the incident to the farmer. The cost of the offences should determine how many resources are devoted to remedying the problem, e.g. in modifying local plans. 相似文献
57.
Current approaches to the revegetation and reclamation of metalliferous mine wastes 总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25
Abandoned metalliferous mine wastes can result in severe pollution and have aesthetic impacts on the local environment. Use of a vegetation cover gives a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable method of stabilising and reclaiming wastes such as mine-spoils and tailings. Many characteristics of metalliferous wastes are often inimical to successful vegetation establishment, most notably phytotoxic levels of residual heavy metals, low nutrient status and poor physical structure of the substratum. Current approaches to revegetation and reclamation involve both ameliorative and adaptive strategies to allow plant establishment and encourage subsequent vegetation development. Different techniques of revegetation are available for temperate and arid, subtropical regions depending on the characteristics of the waste. These include direct seeding with commercially available plants, use of cover and barrier systems and the enhancement of natural revegetation processes. 相似文献
58.
Jackie D. Metheny Matina C. Kalcounis-Rueppell Craig K. R. Willis Kristen A. Kolar R. Mark Brigham 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(7):1043-1051
Kin-based patterns of associations are often observed in group living mammals. Colonies of forest-living big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) exhibit fission–fusion roosting behavior and female philopatry. Within a roosting area of forest, adult females are distributed
into several subgroups roosting in different trees during the day. At night, adult females leave the roost subgroups to forage
and, upon return to the roosting area at dawn, both the individual composition and location of subgroups often change. Individuals
exhibit nonrandom roosting associations, and we hypothesized that genetic relationships would influence roosting associations.
We determined (1) whether the strength of roosting associations between pairs of bats (based on radiotelemetry) was correlated
with relatedness, (2) whether individuals that roosted together in roost subgroups were more related than by chance, and (3)
from roost subgroups, the pairs of bats that roosted nonrandomly and whether the proportion of related pairs was higher than
expected at random. Relatedness measures were based on microsatellite genotyping and mitochondrial DNA sequences. We found
from all analyses that roosting associations were not influenced by relatedness or matrilineal relationships. These results
provide clear evidence that, contrary to other mammals, kinship does not mediate roosting associations within forest living
big brown bats that exhibit fission–fusion roosting behavior. 相似文献
59.
60.
Quantifying the influence of environmental and water conservation attitudes on household end use water consumption 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Willis RM Stewart RA Panuwatwanich K Williams PR Hollingsworth AL 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(8):1996-2009
Within the research field of urban water demand management, understanding the link between environmental and water conservation attitudes and observed end use water consumption has been limited. Through a mixed method research design incorporating field-based smart metering technology and questionnaire surveys, this paper reveals the relationship between environmental and water conservation attitudes and a domestic water end use break down for 132 detached households located in Gold Coast city, Australia. Using confirmatory factor analysis, attitudinal factors were developed and refined; households were then categorised based on these factors through cluster analysis technique. Results indicated that residents with very positive environmental and water conservation attitudes consumed significantly less water in total and across the behaviourally influenced end uses of shower, clothes washer, irrigation and tap, than those with moderately positive attitudinal concern. The paper concluded with implications for urban water demand management planning, policy and practice. 相似文献