全文获取类型
收费全文 | 20334篇 |
免费 | 181篇 |
国内免费 | 201篇 |
专业分类
安全科学 | 534篇 |
废物处理 | 986篇 |
环保管理 | 2419篇 |
综合类 | 2667篇 |
基础理论 | 5284篇 |
环境理论 | 4篇 |
污染及防治 | 5597篇 |
评价与监测 | 1650篇 |
社会与环境 | 1453篇 |
灾害及防治 | 122篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 92篇 |
2022年 | 215篇 |
2021年 | 217篇 |
2020年 | 139篇 |
2019年 | 177篇 |
2018年 | 326篇 |
2017年 | 320篇 |
2016年 | 524篇 |
2015年 | 362篇 |
2014年 | 573篇 |
2013年 | 1744篇 |
2012年 | 672篇 |
2011年 | 859篇 |
2010年 | 802篇 |
2009年 | 786篇 |
2008年 | 886篇 |
2007年 | 976篇 |
2006年 | 870篇 |
2005年 | 716篇 |
2004年 | 723篇 |
2003年 | 704篇 |
2002年 | 670篇 |
2001年 | 911篇 |
2000年 | 631篇 |
1999年 | 393篇 |
1998年 | 274篇 |
1997年 | 246篇 |
1996年 | 291篇 |
1995年 | 270篇 |
1994年 | 250篇 |
1993年 | 233篇 |
1992年 | 240篇 |
1991年 | 208篇 |
1990年 | 214篇 |
1989年 | 219篇 |
1988年 | 197篇 |
1987年 | 158篇 |
1986年 | 126篇 |
1985年 | 138篇 |
1984年 | 169篇 |
1983年 | 153篇 |
1982年 | 193篇 |
1981年 | 134篇 |
1980年 | 119篇 |
1979年 | 152篇 |
1978年 | 118篇 |
1977年 | 107篇 |
1976年 | 100篇 |
1975年 | 83篇 |
1974年 | 88篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
61.
The situation and the latest findings of forest damage research in Germany are discussed. A newly developed concept for this research is described. This concept allows to identify the drawbacks of the recent damage research concept but also the integration of results compiled up to now. The importance for including natural occurring stress factors such as climate, soil conditions or local situation of individual species is outlined. 相似文献
62.
Indices of abundance and reproduction rate are considered in some groups of aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates from the zones of technogenic disasters. Upon a critical population decline caused by external destructive factors, such as emissions of acute ecotoxicants, the ecophysiological and behavioral compensatory mechanisms are activated, which provide for restoration of the total population size to the optimum within a short period of time. Environmental pollution with substances disturbing the reproductive function has the gravest consequences for animals. In this case, population size may remain fairly high, and, therefore, the effect of enhanced reproduction as a response to population decline does not take place, which eventually leads to a gradual but irreversible destruction of the population. Pathologies of reproduction should be used as a criterion for assessing the state of animals in the zones of technogenic disasters.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 32–38.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shilova, Shatunovskii. 相似文献
63.
A. Coulomb L'Herminé A. Aboura S. Brisset L. Cuisset V. Castaigne P. Labrune R. Frydman Dr G. Tachdjian 《黑龙江环境通报》2003,23(11):938-943
Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) results from either paternal deletion of 15q11–q13, or maternal uniparental disomy (UPD) of chromosome 15 or imprinting center mutation. Prenatal diagnosis of PWS is currently indicated for chromosomal parental translocation involving chromosome 15 and for decreased fetal movements during the third trimester of gestation. Here we present the prenatal diagnosis of PWS during the first trimester of gestation and autopsy findings. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) was performed for advanced maternal age at 13 weeks' gestation. CVS showed mosaicism including cells with a normal karyotype and cells with trisomy 15. Amniocentesis showed cells with a normal karyotype. Molecular analysis demonstrated that the fetus had a typical PWS abnormal methylation profile and maternal disomy for chromosome 15. Fetal ultrasound examination showed slightly enlarged lateral ventricles and hypoplasic male external genitalia without intra-uterine growth retardation. The autopsy showed a eutrophic male fetus with facial dysmorphy, hypoplasic genitalia, abnormal position of both feet and posterior hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. This report points out that in a karyotypically normal fetus with ambiguous male external genitalia and cerebral anomalies, extensive cytogenetic and molecular biology studies are strongly recommended because of risk of PWS. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
64.
The amount of NO2 and NO produced by the machine smoking of cigarettes was determined for 15 commercial Canadian brands. Average yield of NO was 1.44 μmoles or about 13% of the average reported for American cigarettes. Levels of NO2 were less than 12% of NO and were probably due to the oxidation of NO. In order to assess the contribution of tobacco smoke to levels of NO in ambient air, 5 brands of cigarettes were smoked in 27 cubic meter controlled environment room. Ventilation conditions were either 2.5 or 5.0 air changes per hour (ACH) and each experiment was replicated 3 times for a total of 30 experiments. Ventilation rates of 0.3 and 1.5 ACH were also selected in a second series of experiments in which only one brand of cigarette was smoked. Least squares estimates for the effective ventilation rates were obtained in the usual manner after linearizing the decay portion of the NO time curve. In each of the experiments, the regression explained at least 95% of the variation in the levels of NO with time. Loss of NO due to factors other than ventilation appeared to be constant within experimental error and averaged 2.22 ACH. Equilibrium values for NO were grossly underestimated when results from currently accepted proecedures for smoke analysis were used in modeling the growth and decay of NO. Goodness-of-fit was improved when equilibrium values were estimated based on observed levels in ambient air. This approach may be more suitable for evaluating the potential contribution of cigarette smoke to levels of indoor air pollutants. 相似文献
65.
66.
67.
Risk homeostasis theory postulates that people accept a specific level (target level) of risk in a given activity in return for benefits accruing from that activity. It follows that, if people expect a great deal from the future, the less likely they are to jeopardise it by taking risks in respect of their health and safety. One effective method for reducing target level of risk are incentives, and the available literature contains ample evidence of the effectiveness of incentives programmes in accident prevention. As incentives essentially imply an enhanced quality of life in the future, the question arises as to how expectations of the future may be related to health and safety habits. In order to explore the relationship between perceived value of the future and health and safety habits, an analysis of the psychological literature on individual differences in future time orientation/perspective is presented. Four factors are identified: (1) clear ideation of the future, (2) active planning for the future, (3) time pressure, and (4) optimistic expectations about events outside one's own control. It is hypothesised that factors (1) and (2) are associated with positive health and safety habits, while factors (3) and (4) may characterise individuals with relatively high target levels of physical risk. Research questions and procedures for the study of these relationships are discussed. 相似文献
68.
An icebreaker cruise into the Beaufort Sea in the fall of 1986 provided a unique opportunity for studying planktonic bioluminescence in ice fields and in the marginal ice zone. Bathyphotometer casts (bioluminescence intensity, seawater temperature, beam attenuation coefficient, and salinity) and biological collections were made to a depth of 100 m. A light budget, which describes the planktonic species responsible for the measured bioluminescence, and a dinoflagellate species budget were constructed from the mean light output from luminescent plankton and plankton counts. The vertical distribution of bioluminescence among the ice stations was similar. The maximum intensities were 2 to 8×106 photons s-1 cm-3 in the upper 50 m of the sea-ice interface. The marginal ice zone station (MIZ) exhibited a maximum intensity of 2 to 3×108 photons s-1 cm-3 between 5 and 30 m depth. At Ice Station 2, Metridia longa and their nauplii contributed approximately 80% of stimulable bioluminescence in the upper 10 m but, overall, Protoperidinium spp. dinoflagellates contributed most of the light to a depth of 100 m. In the MIZ, Protoperidinium spp. dinoflagellates contributed 90% of the light within the upper 10 m, decreasing to 43% of the contributed light at a depth of 40 m. Below 40 m, dinoflagellate bioluminescence decreased to a few percent of the total to a depth of 90 m. Metridia spp. copepods contributed more than 50% of the light at depths from 40 to 90 m. Ostracods, larvaceans, and euphausiid furcilia contributed <1% of all bioluminescence at all depths sampled. Correlation analyses between measured bioluminescence (photons s-1 cm-3), the number of bioluminescent dinoflagellates and the light budget for the MIZ indicated highly significant associations: r=0.919, p=0.001, and r=0.912, p<0.001, respectively (Student's two-tailed t-tests). Bioluminescence was negatively correlated with seawater salinity at all stations (p=0.001). Maximum bioluminescence was measured in the less saline surface waters at all stations. 相似文献
69.
S. Raghukumar 《Marine Biology》1992,113(1):165-169
Two thraustochytrids, Thraustochytrium striatum Schneider and Schizochytrium mangrovei Raghukumar, isolated in 1989 in axenic cultures using pine pollen in seawater from mangroves in Goa, India, were observed in continuous-flow chambers. When grown in the presence of bacteria, both species produced amoebae, which moved using pseudopodia and phagocytosed bacterial cells. Several amoebae were produced in sporangia, or isolated vegetative cells transformed directly into amoebae. These findings were confirmed with several single-cell isolations of the protists. The demonstration of phagotrophic amoebae in these organisms suggests a dual role for thraustochytrids in nature, namely a fungus-like breakdown of complex organic molecules as well as bacterivory. This phenomenon also places the thraustochytrics in a unique relationship with many other protistan groups. 相似文献
70.
Comparative restriction-fragment analysis was used to analyze the nuclear ribosomal DNA, and alcohol dehydrogenase-1 loci of Zostera marina L., for variation within and among populations. Eelgrass is a perennial marine flowering plant that is widespread and ecologically significant throughout the temperate northern hemisphere. A chemical method was developed to obtain restriction-quality DNA without CsCl fractionation from experimentally relevant quantities of seagrass tissues (0.5 to 1.0 g). The yield was 25 g g-1 fresh weight. The three morphologically distinct forms of Z. marina from disjunct populations examined in this study were found to be genetically distinct; morphologically similar populations were indistinguishable genetically. Genetic distinction also correlated with habitat depth, as subtidal and intertidal populations were clearly divergent. Homologous probes for the 17S and 28S ribosomal DNA genes were used to map 24 restriction sites on the rDNA repeat of Z. marina, which was determined to be about 14 kb in length. At least 1 length mutation and 5 restriction-site changes were identified that distinguished Z. marina populations from San Diego and Monterey Bay (Del Monte Beach) from Z. marina populations from Elkhorn Slough and Tomales Bay. Estimated sequence variation (100×p) between eelgrass populations ranged from 0.00 to 0.69. Individual plants were observed to contain as many as four different rDNA-repeat length variants. The mean number of rDNA-repeat length variants per individual in Z. marina was about two. Intrapopulation variation in rDNA-repeat type was observed in only one individual from the Tomales Bay population. 相似文献