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31.
Existing environmental regulations frequently require firms to self-report their compliance status to regulatory agencies. Using a principal-agent framework, I derive and compare incentive-compatible regulatory policies with and without self-reporting. I find the firm needs to be audited less often when self-reporting is required, but punished more often. The sign and magnitude of the gains from self-reporting depend on the relative size of audit and sanction costs, the accuracy of the regulator′s monitoring technology, and the desired level of abatement effort. 相似文献
32.
Satyendra Gautam Mahesh R Shah Sunil Sabharwal Arun Sharma 《Water environment research》2005,77(5):472-479
Gamma radiation was found to be an effective tool for hygienization of municipal wastewater sludge. The sludge received from the primary settling tank of a municipal wastewater treatment plant was gamma irradiated using a cobalt-60 source in a sludge hygienization research irradiator. The process parameters were adjusted to effectively eliminate coliform bacteria in the sludge and to prevent their regrowth. Irradiated sludge was found to be free of fecal coliform and could be directly disposed after drying in a landfill or used as manure. It could also be used as a medium for growth of Rhizobium sp for obtaining a bio-fertilizer. 相似文献
33.
Arun V. Someshwar Ashok K. Jain Ray C. Whittemore Larry E. LaFleur William J. Gillespie 《Chemosphere》1990,20(10-12)
The results of a study designed to quantify the levels of PCDD/Fs in boiler and control device ashes resulting from burning sludge of bleached mill origin, admixed with bark, are summarized. 相似文献
34.
The Science of Nature - 相似文献
35.
Tek B. Sapkota Jeetendra P. Aryal Arun Khatri-Chhetri Paresh B. Shirsath Ponraj Arumugam Clare M. Stirling 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2018,23(4):621-641
Increasing agricultural production to meet the growing demand for food whilst reducing agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is the major challenge under the changing climate. To develop long-term policies that address these challenges, strategies are needed to identify high-yield low-emission pathways for particular agricultural production systems. In this paper, we used bio-physical and socio-economic models to analyze the impact of different management practices on crop yield and emissions in two contrasting agricultural production systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India. The result revealed the importance of considering both management and socio-economic factors in the development of high-yield low-emission pathways for cereal production systems. Nitrogen use rate and frequency of application, tillage and residue management and manure application significantly affected GHG emissions from the cereal systems. In addition, various socio-economic factors such as gender, level of education, training on climate change adaptation and mitigation and access to information significantly influenced the adoption of technologies contributing to high-yield low-emission pathways. We discussed the policy implications of these findings in the context of food security and climate change. 相似文献
36.
Understanding how different audience groups perceive wildlife is crucial for the promotion of biodiversity conservation, especially given the key role of flagship species in conservation campaigns. Although the heterogeneity in preferences reinforces the need for campaigns tailored to specific target audiences, many conservation education and awareness campaigns still claim to target the “general public”. Audiences can be segmented according to social, economic, and cultural criteria across which species perceptions are known to vary. Different studies have investigated the preferences of different groups towards certain wildlife species, but these are largely confined to a single conservation stakeholder group, such as tourists, local communities, or potential donors in western countries. In this study, we seek to determine from a multi-stakeholder perspective, audience characteristics that influence perceptions towards wildlife at Valparai, a fragmented plateau in the Western Ghats region of the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka Hotspot. We found that stakeholder group membership was the most important characteristic followed by gender. While some characteristics had a wide-scale effect others were restricted to a few species. Our results emphasize the need to design conservation campaigns with specific audiences in mind, instead of the very often referred to “general public”. 相似文献
37.
Arun C. Lakshmi P. Maha Sethupathy A. Karthikeyan S. Sivashanmugam P. Rajesh Banu J. 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2021,23(5):1947-1954
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - In the proposed method, crude enzymes extracted from waste dry leaves of 15 different plants showing protease activity were used for removal of... 相似文献
38.
Solid waste management in Indian Himalayan tourists' treks: a case study in and around the Valley of Flowers and Hemkund Sahib 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Solid waste generation in sensitive tourist areas of the Indian Himalayan region is approaching that of some metro cities of the country. The present study showed approximately 288 g waste generation visitor(-1) day(-1) compared with the nation-wide average of 350 g capita(-1) day(-1). About 29 metric tonnes (MT) solid waste is generated along a distance of about 19-km trek (a stretch of land or distance between two or more places covered by a walk) during a 4-month tourist season every year. Treks and trek stalls are the two major places where the visitors generate solid waste. Waste estimated from stalls accounted for about 51% by weight of the total waste generation in the trekking region. The native villagers generally construct stalls every year to meet the requirement of visitors going to Valley of Flowers (VOF) and Hemkund Sahib. The average annual results of 2 years (or equivalent to the average of one, 4-month tourist season for the region) showed non-biodegradable waste (NBW) to be 96.3% by weight whereas biodegradable waste (BW) amounted to merely 3.7%. From management point of view of the government, 96% NBW could easily be reused and recycled. Nevertheless, the need is to manage this waste by bringing it from the trekking areas to the road head (Govind Ghat) first and then to transport it to adjacent recycling centers. Cold drink glass bottles (68%), plastic (26%) and metal (2%) were the major items contributing to non-biodegradable waste. The remaining organic waste could be used as feedstock for composting. A well coordinated effort of public participation is necessary at all the levels for managing waste. There is a need to educate the visitors to instill in them the habit of considering discarded waste as potentially valuable and manageable. 相似文献
39.
Omprakash Sahu Dubasi Govardhana Rao Arun Thangavel Saravanan Ponnappan 《International Journal of Sustainable Engineering》2018,11(1):16-25
Sugar industries require a large amount of water for processing, and also generate large amounts of high-degree polluted wastewater. To maintain the water balance in the industry, it is imperative that effective treatment methods need to be devised to treat the wastewaters. The main aim of the present work is to treat the sugar industry wastewater by combined thermal and electro-oxidation methods with a metal and a catalyst based on ferrous material. Results showed a reduction of 75.6% of COD and 79.2% of colour content with thermal treatment, and 97.8% of COD and 99.7% of colour with combined thermal and electrocoagulation treatments under optimum conditions. These reduction levels are adequate for recycling limits. 相似文献
40.
Das Ananya Baig Nisar Ali Yawar Mohammad Kumar Arun Habib Gazala Perumal Vivekanandan 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2023,30(5):11600-11616
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Delhi has been identified as one of the highly polluted cities in the world and recently associated with the highest population weighted PM2.5... 相似文献