岩石冻融风化作用积累泥石流物源试验研究

风化作用导致地表岩石的破碎,是泥石流固体物质的主要来源之一。研究岩石风化作用对于研究高原泥石流物源的积累效应和泥石流的形成机理具有重要意义。在高寒地区,地表岩石以物理风化为主。温度和水分的变化是物理风化作用的主要原因。该文选择青海省玉树州泥质砂岩,分6级不同含水率,分别开展了循环10次、20次、40次、60次、80次冻融试验,并对冻融岩样进行纵波波速测量、CT扫描和抗拉强度测量,横向比较岩石的风化程度。通过试验得出不同含水率条件下,随着冻融循环次数的增加,岩样的纵波波速、CT数和抗拉强度都呈减小的趋势。综合分析认为温差作用和冰劈效应在高寒地区岩石风化中的主要地质作用。在干燥条件下,温差作用更加明显。在含水条件下,温差风化和冰劈作用同时存在,相互促进。     

Just Add Water and the Colorado River Still Reaches the Sea

A recent article in Environmental Management by All argued that flood flows in North America’s Colorado River do not reach the Gulf of California because they are captured and evaporated in Laguna Salada, a below sea-level lakebed near the mouth of the river. We refute this hypothesis by showing that (1) due to its limited area, the Laguna Salada could have evaporated less than 10% of the flood flows that have occurred since 1989; (2) low flow volumes preferentially flow to the Gulf rather than Laguna Salada; (3) All’s method for detecting water surface area in the Laguna Salada appears to be flawed because Landsat Thematic Mapper images of the lakebed show it to be dry when All’s analyses said it was flooded; (4) direct measurements of salinity at the mouth of the river and in the Upper Gulf of California during flood flows in 1993 and 1998 confirm that flood waters reach the sea; and (5) stable oxygen isotope signatures in clam shells and fish otoliths recorded the dilution of seawater with fresh water during the 1993 and 1998 flows. Furthermore, All’s conclusion that freshwater flows do not benefit the ecology of the marine zone is incorrect because the peer-reviewed literature shows that postlarval larval shrimp populations increase during floods, and the subsequent year’s shrimp harvest increases. Furthermore, freshwater flows increase the nursery area for Gulf corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus), an important commercial fish that requires estuarine habitats with salinities in the range of 26–38‰ during its natal stages. Although flood flows are now much diminished compared to the pre-dam era, they are still important to the remnant wetland and riparian habitats of the Colorado River delta and to organisms in the intertidal and marine zone. Only a small fraction of the flood flows are evaporated in Laguna Salada.     

INFILTRATION AND WATER QUALITY ON RANGE SITES AT FORT STANTON,NEW MEXICO1

ABSTRACT: The hydrologic impacts of livestock grazing schemes on selected plant communities and soils at Fort Stanton, New Mexico, were evaluated. Simulated rainfall was applied to 1 m²plots. On a mesa-top, infiltration rates for a grassland livestock exclosure and a pinyon pine-juniper community closely approximated each other and were significantly greater (P = 0.10) than either a moderate continuous or a heavy continuous treatment in a grassland community. Sediment concentration from the heavy continuous treatment was more than twice that of the other treatments. Infiltration rates on the hillside site were highest in a pinyon pine-juniper community receiving short duration grazing. Infiltration for this treatment was found to be significantly higher (P = 0.10) than that of a short duration grazing treatment, but not from a rest rotation grazing treatment on grassland. The short duration grazing treatment on a grassland had the highest sediment concentration, while the rest rotation grazing on a grassland and the short duration pinyon pine-juniper treatments were found to be similar. In the bottomland site, a fertilized and unfertilized treatment showed no significant difference in infiltration or sediment concentration, although twice as many animals were present on the fertilized treatment.     

Lying in negotiations: how individual and situational factors influence the use of neutralization strategies

Lying in negotiations can cause negative emotions, so participants may use neutralization strategies to reduce these feelings. We conducted a 2 (ethical versus non‐ethical climate) × 2 (low versus high negative consequences) experiment to examine how individual and situational factors affect the use of three such strategies: minimizing the lie, denigration of the target, and denial. Lying, psychological distress, and self‐perceived moral attributes were measured as non‐manipulated independent variables. One hundred and ninety‐two MBA students participated in a business negotiation in which they were provided with incentives to lie. As predicted, higher distress was associated with greater denial of lies. In addition, climate and consequences interacted to affect minimization and liars engaged in less minimization than did participants who merely concealed information. Climate and moral attributes interacted to affect denigration. We believe these findings support further study of neutralization strategies in the workplace. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冷凝-催化燃烧法处理乙烯厂富含水蒸气的恶臭废气

采用冷凝-催化燃烧法处理乙烯厂富含水蒸气的恶臭废气,冷凝过程能够有效地脱除废气中的水蒸气、联苯和联苯醚,催化燃烧过程能够有效地脱除不凝气中的烃类化合物.催化燃烧反应器内装填Pr、Pd、Ce多组分蜂窝状催化剂,在床层空速为15900～40000h-4、反应器入口气温度为30～350℃的条件下,反应器入口气中总烃的体积分数为64.9×10-6～691.0×10-6时,出口总烃的体积分数可降至5.2×10-6～20.0×10-6,总烃的去除率为90%以上,处理后的气体符合国家排放标准.     

Mapping residual pyrite after a mine spill using non co-located spatiotemporal observations

Monitoring of soil chemical properties for pollution assessment generally requires destructive soil sampling and results in spatiotemporal datasets where data from different sampling dates are non co-located. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial distribution of residual pyrite sludge at a reclaimed site, using temporally non co-located data on pH; soil oxidizable fraction (SOF); and EDTA-extractable Fe, Zn, and Cu from six different sampling dates over a period of 2 yr. During this period spatially averaged pH and Zn concentrations ranged, respectively, from 4.4 to 6.6 and from 60 to 140 mg kg(-1), with minimum pH values of below 2.7. The data were merged into a single dataset for each chemical property after applying a normal score (ns) transform. Normal score pH was significantly negatively correlated with the ns metal concentrations. A principal component analysis (PCA) showed that normal score pH, Zn, and Fe were associated with the residual contamination, while ns Cu, SOF, and elevation were related with historic contamination. The spatial dependence between the properties was found to be scale-dependent. The best ns estimates were produced by ordinary kriging with an anisotopic variogram model, for the properties related with Principal Component (PC) I, while those associated with PC II were best estimated using simple kriging with varying local means. A classified ns pH map showed that 33% of the study area reached at least once values of below 4 during the 2-yr period. This part of the area should be excluded to ensure successful revegetation.     

华南地区大气传输过程中黑碳的湿清除比例及其来源的影响

黑碳(black carbon,BC)的湿清除对其大气寿命和环境气候效应的评估至关重要。本研究使用黑碳仪(Aethalometer,AE-33)在南岭地区对BC开展了三次观测,结合指数衰减方程评估了传输过程中累计降雨量(accumulated precipitation along the trajectory,APT)对华南地区BC传输效率的影响。此外,将BC来源区分为生物质燃烧源(biomass burning,BB)和化石燃料燃烧源(fossil fuel burning,FF),探讨了不同排放源BC湿清除比例(wet scavenging ratio,WSR)的差异。结果表明：基于指数衰减方程结果和W_SR的结果指出华南地区的BC受到湿清除的影响要明显大于日韩等偏远地区,可能反映了更高拟合的BC老化程度。A_PT在5—30 mm范围内的增加对BC的湿清除有显著的影响。不同来源BC的W_SR存在显著差异：BC_BB的W_SR(44%—62%)高于BC_FF(35...     

Impact of an Invasive Exotic Species on Stream Nitrogen Levels in Southern Illinois1

Abstract: Autumn‐olive (Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb.) is an invasive, exotic shrub that has become naturalized in the eastern United States. Autumn‐olive fixes nitrogen (N) via a symbiotic relationship with the actinomycete Frankia. At the plot scale, the presence of autumn‐olive has been related to elevated soil water nitrate‐N (NO₃^?‐N) concentrations. This study examined the relationship between autumn‐olive cover in a watershed and stream water quality. Stream water nitrate‐N (NO₃^?‐N) and ammonium‐N (NH₄⁺‐N) concentrations were measured in 12 first order ephemeral streams draining watersheds with mixed forest cover and a range of 0‐35% autumn‐olive cover. Percent autumn‐olive cover was positively correlated with mean stream NO₃^?‐N concentrations, but was not correlated with mean stream NH₄⁺‐N concentrations. While other studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between native N‐fixers and stream NO₃^?‐N, this is the first study to document a relationship for an invasive, exotic N‐fixing species. Results suggest that this exotic species can be an additional source of NO₃^? in local and regional water bodies and demonstrates an additional negative ecosystem consequence of invasion beyond losses in biodiversity.