长江源区浮游植物群落特征研究

为研究长江源区浮游植物群落特征,作者于2017年5月初、8月初和9月底对长江源区干流及其支流浮游植物进行了调查。结果表明:共记录浮游植物8门175种,其中硅藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门分别占总种类数的57.1%、21.1%和16.6%;舟形藻(Navicula sp.)、桥弯藻(Cymbella sp.)、针杆藻(Synedra sp.)、等片藻(Diatoma sp.)、异极藻(Gomphonema sp.)、曲壳藻(Achnanthes sp.)等河流型硅藻为长江源区优势种。密度介于5.3×10~4～216.8×104cells/L,平均密度为67.2×10~4cells/L,整体呈现支流高于干流的趋势。浮游植物密度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef指数显示长江源区整体水质良好。Pearson相关性和RDA分析表明总氮是影响长江源区浮游植物分布的主要环境因子。该研究对长江源区水生态保护提供重要的理论依据和数据支撑。     

规范排污权交易促进可持续发展

阐述了排污交易产生的背景，排污权与排污许可的概念，排污交易政策在美国的发展，并以闵行区10多年来的工业废水排污交易为例，说明了排污交易的巨大环境经济效益，提出了有关规范排污权交易，促进可持续发展的建议。     

土壤有机碳地球化学及其与岩溶作用的关系──以桂林丫吉村岩溶试验场为例

岩溶土壤有机碳地球化学研究表明：岩溶土壤是有机碳的巨大储库；土壤有机碳含量以松结态为主，紧结态次之，稳结态最少；土壤表层，鞍部、坡地土壤有机碳较活跃（较多松结态），为岩溶作用CO2的丰富来源。有机碳可氧化性分级分析表明：表层土壤有机碳中易氧化态占60－85％，A层土壤较B层更易被氧化；土壤来源CO2是岩溶驱动CO2的潜在动力。从鞍部－坡地－洼地，B层土壤有机磷可氧化性由弱到强递增。野外监测表明：在干、晴气候下，岩溶土壤CO2含量高且CO2释放速率大，岩溶作用欠发育；在湿雨气候下．岩溶土壤CO2含量及CO2释放速率急剧降低，岩溶作用发育；雨后转晴．岩溶土壤CO2含量及CO2释放速率逐渐增高，岩溶作用减弱。     

近10年中国大陆MODIS遥感气溶胶光学厚度特征

应用2001—2010年MODIS大气气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料,分析中国550 nm AOD年和季节平均分布。还选取了10个代表性区域,分析AOD变化特征。这些分析建立起了近10年来中国气溶胶光学厚度的气候学特征:中国年平均AOD空间区域分布中心大体呈现两低两高。两低中心位于植被覆盖度高和人烟稀少的(1)黑龙江和内蒙古东北高纬度地区(～0.2);(2)川、滇与青藏高原交界的西南高海拔地区(0.1～0.2)。一个AOD低值带(0.2～0.3)连接这两个低中心,呈东北西南走向跨过中国大陆。在此低值带两侧,各有一片AOD高值中心(～0.8):(1)人口密集和工业化发展带来的大量人为气溶胶形成了一个覆盖了华北、长江流域(从四川盆地,两湖地区到长三角)到华南珠江三角洲相联的大片高AOD中心区域;(2)以沙尘为主的自然气气溶胶造就了西北塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边高AOD区。中国AOD这一两低两高区域分布特征基本保持四季不变,但其中心强度呈现各自区域性季节变化。中国春季AOD高值区的面积最大,其次是夏季,然后是秋季,面积最小的是冬季。南方AOD月变化规律多为双峰型,即3—5和8—9月出现2次高峰,5—7月从南向北先后出现波谷,变化规律与季风响应。北方为单峰型,6—7月为高峰,11到来年2月为低谷。用弱季风年(2002)和强季风年(2003)季风影响区域气象条件和气溶胶数据对比分析表明,大陆AOD的月空间分布和变化与季风气候,以及风速、风向、降水、温度和湿度等的变化有关。     

Bioenergy recovery from landfill gas: A case study in China

Landfill gas (LFG) utilization which means a synergy between environmental protection and bioenergy recovery was investigated in this study. Pressure swing adsorption technology was used in LFG purification, and laboratory experiment, pilot-scale test, and on-site demonstration were carried out in Shenzhen, China. In the laboratory experiment, A-type carbon molecular sieve was selected as the adsorbent by comparison of several other adsorbents. The optimal adsorption pressure and adsorption time were 0.25 MPa and 2 min, respectively, under which the product generation rate was 4.5 m³/h and the methane concentration was above 90%. The process and optimization of the pilot-scale test were also reported in the paper. The product gas was of high quality compared with the National Standard of Compressed Natural Gas as Vehicle Fuel (GB18047-2000), when the air concentration in feed gas was under 10.96%. The demonstration project was composed of a collection system, production system, and utilization system. The drive performance, environmental protection performance, and economic feasibility of the product gas — as alternative fuel in passenger car, truck, and bulldozer—were tested, showing the feasibility technology for LFG utilization.     

Quantifying the probability of detection of wild ungulates with the Judas technique

The Judas technique is often used in control or eradication of particular vertebrate pests. The technique exploits the tendency of individuals to form social groups. A radio collar is affixed to an individual and its subsequent monitoring facilitates the detection of other conspecifics. Efficacy of this technique would be improved if managers could estimate the probability that a Judas individual would detect conspecifics. To calculate this probability, we estimated association rates of Judas individuals with other Judas individuals, given the length of time the Judas has been deployed. We developed a simple model of space-use for individual Judas animals and constrained detection probabilities to those specific areas. We then combined estimates for individual Judas animals to infer the probability that a wild individual could be detected in an area of interest via Judas surveillance. We illustrated the method by using data from a feral goat eradication program on Isla Santiago, Galápagos, and a feral pig eradication program on Santa Cruz Island, California. Association probabilities declined as the proximity between individual areas of use of a Judas pair decreased. Unconditional probabilities of detection within individual areas of use averaged 0.09 per month for feral pigs and 0.11 per month for feral goats. Probabilities that eradication had been achieved, given no detections of wild conspecifics, and an uninformative prior probability of eradication were 0.79 (90% CI 0.22–0.99) for feral goats and 0.87 (90% CI 0.44–1.0) for feral pigs. We envisage several additions to the analyses used that could improve estimates of Judas detection probability. Analyses such as these can help managers increase the efficacy of eradication efforts, leading to more effective effects to restore native biodiversity.